Model Quality

Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology

Vol. 27 No. 2, P. 266-276, 2009

DOI: 10.1007/s00343-009-9118-y

The impact of physical processes on pollutant transport in

Hangzhou Bay*,,**

LI Ning, MAO Zhihua, ZHANG Qinghe School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University; Key Laboratory of Harbor and Ocean Engineering, Ministry of Education of

China, Tianjin 300072, China

State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamic, Second Institution of Oceanography, State Oceanic

Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China

Received May 9, 2008; revision accepted Dec. 1, 2008

Abstract A Lagrangian tracer model is set up for Hangzhou Bay based on Coupled Hydrodynamical

Ecological model for Regional Shelf Sea (COHERENS). The study area is divided into eight subdomains

to identify the dominant physical processes, and the studied periods are March (the dry season) and July

(the wet season). The model performance has been first verified by sea-surface elevation and tidal current

observations at several stations. Eight tracer experiments are designed and Lagrangian particle tracking is

simulated to examine the impact of physical processes (tide, wind and river runoff) on the transport of

passive tracer released within the surface layer. Numerical simulations and analysis indicate that: (1) wind

does not change the tracer distribution after 30 days except for those released from the south area of the

bay during the wet season; (2) the tide and the Qiantang River runoff are important for particle transport

in the head area of the bay; (3) the Changjiang River runoff affects the tracer transport at the mouth of the

bay, and its impact is smaller in the dry season than in the wet season.

Keyword: Hangzhou Bay; pollutant transport; COHERENS; tracer experime

1 INTRODUCTION Both the report of marine environment in Zhejiang

Province in 2007 and the report of Chinese marine

Hangzhou Bay is located in the northern Zhejiang

environmental quality in 2007 point out that the

Province, with water depth of 8 10 m. It is the outer

environmental quality of the most area in Hangzhou

part of the Qiantang River Estuary, adjacent to the

Bay is worse than Grade IV. Wetlands are decreasing

East China Sea and with the Zhoushan Archipelago

at an annual rate of approximately 5%, and marine

located in the southeast of the embayment (Fig.1).

biodiversity keeps declining. About 96.7% of the

The bay is affected by both the river runoff and the

sewage outlets being monitored discharge pollutants

tide. The tidal current is strong, and the mean tidal

in excess of the limits set by the national standards.

range increases progressively from the mouth to the

Field investigation in the fishery waters near the

head of the bay. At the Ganpu station located at the

Yangtze Estuary and Hangzhou Bay in the months of

head of the bay, the mean tidal range is 5.54 m and

May and August from 2000 to 2002 shows that the

the maximum tidal range can reach 8.93 m. The tidal

pollution index of Cu is 5.84 and 4.28 for Zn, and the

currents within the bay are mainly rectilinear, with

comprehensive index of multifactors is 1.99, which is

maximum velocities above 2 m/s near the mouth and

far beyond the serious pollution level of 1.67 (Shen et

greater than 4 m/s in the head areas (Zhou and Gao,

al., 2003). The data obtained during rainy seasons of

2004). The bay is also affected by two large rivers,

recent years show that the nitrogen and phosphorus

the Changjiang River and the Qiantang River, with

concentrations in the bay exceed their standard

mean river discharges of about 9 529 108 m3 (Chen

values severely. For the structure of nutrients, the

et al., 2007) and 373 108 m3 (Ni et al., 2003),

respectively. The prevailing wind direction is SE-S

* Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40576080);

in summer, and N-NE in winter (Wang and Cheng,

National High Technology Research and Development Program of China

1995), and the average wind speed is 3 m/s in (863 Program, No. 2007AA12Z182)

summer and 6 m/s in winter (Zhu et al., 2004). ** Corresponding author: *********@***.***

267

No.2 LI et al.: The impact of physical processes on pollutant transport in Hangzhou Bay

river discharge on driving pollution transport in

different areas of the bay. So, the aim of the present

study is to set up a Lagrangian tracer model based on

COHERENS (Coupled Hydrodynamical Ecological

Model for Regional Shelf Seas) to simulate the

impact of various physical processes (wind, tide, and

river runoff) on the pollutant transport in different

areas of the bay in the wet and dry seasons.

The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives

a brief description of the numerical model, followed

by model validation in section 3. Tracer experiments

and results are described in section 4 and 5. Sections

6 and 7 provide discussions and conclusions,

respectively.

Fig.1 Sea floor topography of the study area, five tide gauges

(square) and two current stations (triangle)

2 NUMERICAL MODELS

ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is as high as 405

2.1 Hydrodynamic model

(Wang et al., 2006). Side source and disorder

drainage of pollution material have obviously

COHERENS is a three-dimensional hydrodynamic

affected water quality of Hangzhou Bay (Zhang et al.,

multi-purpose model for coastal and shelf seas. The

2002). Clearly, the water quality has been in a state of

model was selected for the investigation of

severe eutrophication.

Hangzhou Bay because it is an integrated model,

In recent years, many researchers have studied the

which couples the modules that simulate physical

pollutant transport in the bay using different approaches.

and biological processes, sediments and contaminant

Li and Sun (1995) used a 3-D hydrodynamic numerical

transport and resolve mesoscale to seasonal scale

model on -coordinate to simulate the tide-induced

processes (Luyten et al., 1999). The user has the

Euler residual currents and Lagrangian residual

choice of several state-of-the-art advection schemes

currents, residual drifts and tracks of water particles.

for momentum and scalars, and the model allows for

Wang and Cheng (1995) investigated the temporal

various parameterisations of turbulent motion

and spatial variations of the flow field in Hangzhou

including a variety of turbulence closure schemes.

Bay and the pollution risk caused by oil spill accident

The model is freely available and well documented,

under different weather conditions. Shi et al. (2000)

and has been widely used in the North Sea and other

and Zhu et al. (2000) simulated the residual current

areas (Umgiesser et al., 2002; Jiang, 2004; Lacroix et

and its effect on mass transport with a 3-D joint

al., 2004; Carafa et al.,2006; Marinov et al.; 2006;

model of Hangzhou Bay and the Yangtze Estuary,

Chen et al., 2007; Ribbe et al., 2008). The model is

considering the impacts of river flow, wind,

based on the Boussinesq approximation and vertical

baroclinic pressure, current of the East China Sea and

hydrostatic equilibrium. The primitive equations for

tide. He (2000) studied pollution transport along the

the three-dimensional mode in the coordinate are

northern coast of Hangzhou Bay in different tidal

phases. Lin et al. (2005) established a 2-D

1 J + 1 ( Ju ) + 1 ( Jv ) + 1 ( Jw ) = 0

hydrodynamic model to get the flow field near the

J t J x1 J x2 J x3

disposal point in Hangzhou Bay and then used the

PLUME model to simulate the dilution ability of a (1)

diffuser. Lin et al. (2008) set up a large scale 3-D

1 J ( Ju) + 1 (Ju2 ) + 1 (Jvu) + 1 ( Jwu) fv =

flow and salinity model and a smaller scale discharge J x1 J x2 J x3

J t

diffuser model to study the high salt effluent

g 1 Pa + Q1 + 1 ( T u ) + 1 (J 11) +

v

discharge and its maximum load control in Hangzhou 0 x1

x1 J x3 J x3 J x1

Bay. With water pollution control being mainly 1 (J )

concentrated on industrial point sources (Chau and J x2 21

Jiang, 2002; Lale, 2001), there are few studies of side

(2)

source pollution of the bay. What is more, even less

attention has been paid to the role of tide, wind, and

268 CHIN. J. OCEANOL. LIMNOL., 27(2), 2009 Vol.27

1 J (Jv) + 1 (Juv) + 1 (Jv2) + 1 (Jwv) + fu = Lagrangian tracer method for constructing trace of a

J x1 J x21 J x3

J t single particle is suitable to simulate the pollution

g 1 P + Q2 + 1 (

vT v 1 trajectory and to solve water pollution problems, so it

(J ) +

)+

a

x2 0 x2 J x3 J x3 J x1 12

is widely applied to trace pollutant particles

1 (J ) (Tartinville et al., 1997; Cetina et al., 2000; Kraines

J x21 22

et al., 2001; Siegel et al., 2003; Wong et al., 2004;

Chen et al., 2007). The present work focuses mainly

(3)

on the COHERENS physical and Lagrangian

1 qd = b ( 4)

modules to simulate the advective-diffusive transport

J x3

of contaminants in the bay. The primitive equation is

1 ( JC) + 1 ( JuC) + 1 ( JvC) + 1 ( JwC) =

1 J ( JT ) + 1 ( JuT ) + 1 ( JvT ) +

J x1 J x1 J x2 J x3

J x1 J x2

J t

1 ( T C ) + 1 ( T C ) + 1 (J C ) +

( T T ) +

( Jw ) = 1 I + 1

1 J x3 J x3 J x3 J x3 J x1 H x

J 0 c P x3 J

x3 x3 J x3

J 1

1 ( J C )

( J T ) + 1 ( J T )

1

J x2 H x

2

H

x1 J x2 x2

J H

(7)

(5)

where C represents a number of particles, each

1 J ( J S ) + 1 ( JuS ) + 1 ( JvS ) +

having a certain amount of load and with an initial

J x1 J x2

J t

position. Each particle has a specific label, which

T S

1 ( Jw S ) = 1 +

allows for the tracing of the individual particle or

J x3 J x3 J x 3

isolating the distribution of particles. The transport of

1 ( J S ) + 1 ( J S )

particles is determined by the horizontal and vertical

J x1 H x J x2 H x

2

1

advections and turbulent diffusions. The vertical and

(6) horizontal diffusions of these suspended particles are

where J = x3 / x3 represents the ratio of a unit determined by using a random walk method, which is

the most accurate and capable of handling

length in the physical to a unit length in the

complexities in the flow field (Kraines et al. 2006).

transformed space; ( x1, x2, x3 ) represent the three

directions in coordinate; ( u, v, w ) are the

2.2 Numerical simulation

components of the current; T denotes the

temperature; S the salinity; f the Coriolis frequency; Previous investigations indicated that pollutant

transport in Hangzhou Bay is interconnected to

g the acceleration of gravity; Pa the atmospheric

physical transport in the Yangtze Estuary (Ni et al.,

pressure at the surface; Q1, Q2 the components of

the baroclinic pressure gradient; vT and T the 2003; Lu et al., 2006). Thus, the model domain

includes both Hangzhou Bay and the Yangtze

vertical eddy viscosity and diffusion coefficients;

Estuary, covering the area of 120 124 E;

H the horizontal diffusion coefficient for salinity

and temperature; 0 a reference density; c p the 29.5 32.5 N (Fig.1). To simplify the discussion, the

year has been divided into two seasons, the wet

specific heat of seawater; I solar irradiance;

11, 12, 21, 22 the horizontal components of the season and the dry season, and the study is focused

on two typical months, July in 2005 (in the wet

stress tensor; qd the baroclinic pressure; b the

season) and March in 2006 (in the dry season). In

buoyancy. Eq.1 is the continuity equation, Eqs.2 and

addition, the domain is further divided into 8

3 are the horizontal momentum equations, Eq.4 is the

subdomains (Fig.2). Passive tracers designed to

hydrostatic equation, Eq.5 is the temperature

represent contaminant particles are released in

equation and Eq.6 is the salinity equation. These

surface layers of each subdomain, thus the tracer

equations are discretized on the Arakawa-C grid with

a -coordinate in the vertical direction. The transport trajectories can be simulated separately.

Each particle has been tracked for 1 month or until it

advection of momentum and scalars in the program

leaves the model domain whichever comes first.

apply the Total Variation Diminishing (TVD)

The model includes realistic coastline and

scheme. The horizontal diffusion coefficients are

topography; it is forced by the surface wind stress

implemented the Smagorinsky parameterization. The

and the QSCAT/NCEP Blended Ocean Winds from

well-known mode-splitting technique is employed to

Colorado Research Associates are used as the input

solve the momentum and continuity equations. The

269

No.2 LI et al.: The impact of physical processes on pollutant transport in Hangzhou Bay

winds. In addition, the tidal harmonic constants of the document by Du et al. (2007). Due to the

the four tidal components (K1, O1, M2, and S2) are limitation of space, only part of the verification

specified. The runoff discharge from the Changjiang results are shown below, including the calibration

River is set at 41 000 m3/s in the wet season and results for sea surface elevation modelled by

21 000 m3/s in the dry season. Since the discharge COHERESN and observed at the L huashan and

Shenjiamen tide gauges in July (Fig.3), and current

from the Qiantang River is far less than that from the

velocities (Fig.4) and current directions (Fig.5)

Changjiang River, it was taken as 3.15% of that one

modelled and observed at water surface, 5.6 m below

from the Changjiang River. A rectangular grid is

surface and bottom during July 13 14, 2005. It can

designed to map the domain in 100 100 points with a

be seen that the simulated results agree well with the

resolution of 0.03 in longitude and 0.04 in latitude.

observations. The computational result basically

Ten sigma layers are used in the vertical direction.

expresses the characteristic of the water dynamic

This spatial resolution restricts the model time step to

condition in the domain area.

2.5 s. For horizontal currents, the surface boundary

condition is obtained by specifying the surface stress

4 TRACE EXPERIMENTS

as a function of wind speed components, while the

bottom friction is defined by slip boundary condition. It is well known that the fate of pollutant is

In this case, a vertical uniform bottom stress is determined by the wind, tide and runoff of rivers.

assumed yielding a logarithmic profile for the current Thus, to estimate the influence of the physical factors

and the bottom velocities are evaluated at the grid on pollutant transport in Hangzhou Bay, eight tracer

points nearest to the bottom layer. The bottom drag experiments have been designed with the model

coefficient is expressed as a quadratic function of bed forced by different combinations of these physical

roughness length with a value of 0.002 m which is factors in the wet and dry seasons (Table 1). Two

uniform in space and constant in time. The months, July in 2005 and March in 2006, are

calculation starts with zero values for currents and specified to represent the wet seasons and dry

surface elevation. No special efforts about different seasons, respectively. The wind and the river runoff

model accelerations in order to attain convergence of in these two months are used in the simulation. The

the numerical solution have been made because it tidal harmonic constants of the four tidal components

was found that the model reaches good numerical (K1, O1, M2, and S2) are derived from the atlas of

convergence (Luyten et al., 1999). marine hydrology. Except in E1 and E5, one of these

three physical factors (wind, tide and river runoff) is

eliminated by setting the value of the corresponding

parameter to zero. For example, in E2 and E6, the

river runoff and the wind are considered, while the

tide is disregarded by setting the amplitude of the

four tidal components to zero. The same setting are

performed in E3, E4, E7 and E8, in which the value

of the river runoff or the wind speed is set to zero,

respectively.

5 RESULTS

The trajectories of tracers released from the 8

subdomains were calculated separately, and then

those particles in the eight experiments were further

Fig.2 The eight subdomains in the COHERENS model

binned after 30 days. Fig.6 shows the pollutant

distribution of E1 to E4 in 8 subdomains in the wet

3 VERIFICATION OF THE MODEL

season and Fig.7 shows that of E5 to E8 after 30 days

The model has been verified by observations from in the dry season. Forced by tide, wind and river

the 5 tide Gauges-L huashan, Shenjiamen, Tanhu, runoff (the first column of Fig.6 and Fig.7), the

Zhongjun and Luchaogang (Fig.1) in July, 2005 and particles run southeast, travel around the Zhoushan

in March, 2006, and the mooring stations in C1 from Archipelago, and then escape from the bay. Among

July 13 to July 14 and in C2 from July 6 to July 7 in those particles getting out of the bay, the ones

2005. The mooring station data is digitalized from released from the bay mouth area (S3, S6, S8) take up

270 CHIN. J. OCEANOL. LIMNOL., 27(2), 2009 Vol.27

Fig.3 Sea surface elevation obtained from COHERENS (solid line) and tide gauges observation (dot) form July 1 31, 2005

a. L huashan; b. Shenjiamen

Fig.4 Current velocities obtained from COHERENS (solid line) and observations (dish line) in 30.6 N, 122.25 E from 15:00,

July 13, 2005 to 15:00, July 14, 2005

a. surface; b. 5.6m below surface; c. bottom

taken outside and they are responsible for the

a major portion, while the ones from the middle of the

eutrophication in the bay.

bay (S2, S5, S7) occupy a small potion. No particles

from the inner side of the bay (S1, S4) leave there

5.1 No tidal forcing

after 30 days. Thus it can be concluded that the

If the tidal forcing is not considered, in the wet season

pollutants from the bay head area are difficult to be

271

No.2 LI et al.: The impact of physical processes on pollutant transport in Hangzhou Bay

Fig.5 Current direction obtained from COHERENS (solid line) and observations (dish line) in 30.6 N, 122.25 E from 15:00,

July 13, 2005 to 15:00, July 14, 2005

a. surface; b. 5.6m below surface; c. bottom

Table 1 Eight trace experiments in the COHERENS model with different season and input set

Tracer experiments Season Input Tracer experiments Season Input

E1 Wet River, wind, tide E5 Dry River, wind, tide

E2 Wet River, wind E6 Dry River, wind

E3 Wet River, tide E7 Dry River, tide

E4 wet Tide, wind E8 Dry Tide, wind

(the second column of Fig.6), particles deflect to run particle trajectory in the other subdomains in this

westward in general. The ones released from most season does not change much. In the dry season (the

subdomains of the bay (S1, S2, S4, S5, S7 and S8) third column of Fig.7), the particle transport in the

would advance upstream towards the Qiantang River, whole bay does not vary much compared with E5.

while the ones from S3 and S6 firstly approach the

5.3 No river runoff

south shore, then go around the Zhoushan

If we do not consider the river runoff, in the wet

Archipelago, and finally leave the bay. In the dry

season (the fourth column of Fig.6), the traces of

season (the second line of Fig.7), similar results were

particles released from S2, S3, S6, S8 change

observed for the particles from S1 S6 as in the wet

significantly, and tend to run towards the north and

season, but for the ones from S7 and S8, it is more

northeast, which are different directions when the

easily to get out of the bay than in the wet season

river is considered; Particles from S4, S5 and S7

without the force of tide.

tends to travel upstream towards the Qiantang River.

5.2 No wind In the dry season (the fourth column of Fig.7), the

particle transport is similar to that in the wet season.

If no account is taken of the wind, in the wet

To conclude, the pollutant transport depends on

season (the third column of Fig.6), particles from S4

the tide, wind and river runoff. The influence of these

move much farther towards the southeast, particles

physical factors on the pollutant transport in different

from S5 and S7 advance along the south shore and

subdomains is different. The tide and river runoff are

more particles from S8 get out of the bay. The

272 CHIN. J. OCEANOL. LIMNOL., 27(2), 2009 Vol.27

important dynamic forcing factors, and the wind just Although the extreme sea events would determine

affects the particle transport in a few subdomains in material transport and dynamic balance (Yin et al.,

the wet season. 2007), they do not often occur, so in this paper we

just take the normal wind into consideration.

6 DISCUSSION Generally, wind is the comparatively weak dynamic

factor among these three physical factors. In the wet

The tracer experiments discussed in this study are

season the wind pushes the released particles from S5

focused on the trajectory of the tracers released in

and S7 a short distance off the south shore and pushes

Hangzhou Bay. These tracers represent both

the particles from S8 back to the bay. This is the

dissolved materials and materials released into the

result of the S and SE winds during the wet months

water column by geochemical and biological

which will blow the particles released from the south

processes.

area of the bay towards the north and northwest. In

Depending on the property, tracers can be

the dry season, the pollutant trajectory is not affected

classified into passive tracers, active tracers,

by the wind as shown in Fig.7. The current induced

dynamic active tracers, or interactive tracers. As a

by the wind is strong at the surface, and can reach

first step towards the simulation of the

more than 20 cm/s (Zhu et al., 2000), but this current

transportation of many kinds of pollutants, our goal

decreases quickly with depth. Nearly 80% of the

in this study is confined to the water-borne transport

particles released from the water surface drop to deep

phase (passive particles), whose property is

water because of the violent mixing. Weak currents

unchanged and the change of the co-ordinate

below the water surface contribute little to the

depends on the velocity field. Thus, the fate of the

pollutant transport, which explains why there is no

tracers rests with the dynamic factors, such as the

obvious difference in the distribution of the

tide, wind and river runoff.

pollutants after 30 days between the experiments

with and without wind.

6.1 The influence of tide on pollutant transport

6.3 The influence of the river runoff on pollutant

The main difference between the experiments with

transport

and without tidal forcing (E1 and E2, E4 and E5) is

that the particles from bay head areas (S1, S2 and S4) Under the impact of the Coriolis force, most of the

without tidal forcing deflect to the west compared diluted water in the Changjiang River deflects south,

with the distribution with tidal forcing, because the enters Hangzhou Bay in the north and flows out of

tidal residual current direction in the inner bay is the bay in the south (Pan et al., 1997). This diluted

eastwards toward bay mouth (Liu et al., 2006). Zhu water becomes the main factor in driving the

(2000) also pointed out that the clockwise vortex in pollutant transport in the bay mouth area. So both in

the west was one of the main characteristics of the the wet and the dry seasons, without the Changjiang

residual current induced by the tide in the bay. This River runoff, particles released from the S3, S6 and

clockwise vortex in the west of Hangzhou Bay is S8 areas travel towards the north and enter the open

important to the mass transport; it brings the particles sea from the northeast of the bay. This phenomenon

in the bay head area and the middle of the bay to the is more obvious in the wet season. For example,

bay mouth. Therefore the tide is the main factor in particles released from S6 and S8 travel a longer

bringing the pollutants from the inner bay to the outer distance towards the north in E4 than in E8, and more

sea. In the bay mouth area, without the tidal forcing, particles from S3 in E4 escape beyond the numerical

the river runoff from the Changjiang River becomes boundary than in E8. Under the rush of the Qiantang

the main physical factor affecting the pollution River, most particles from the bay head area (S4 and

transport. The pollutants driven by this river flux S7) travel towards the east, so without this river

leave the bay from the south of the bay mouth very runoff, particles from S4 and S7 will go west, i.e.

quickly without tide-induced back-and-forth upstream.

movement. So it seems to be easier for the particles

7 CONCLUSIONS

in the bay mouth area to get out of the bay without

tidal forcing.

Based on the above analysis and discussion we

6.2 The influence of wind on the pollutant transport draw the following conclusions: (1) The tide and

Qiantang River discharge are the main factors to drive

Special events induced by strong wind such as

pollutants to leave bay head area. (2) The Changjiang River

storm surge are outside the scope of our study.

273

No.2 LI et al.: The impact of physical processes on pollutant transport in Hangzhou Bay

Fig.6 Particle distribution released from eight subdomains in first four trace experiment after 30 days

274 CHIN. J. OCEANOL. LIMNOL., 27(2), 2009 Vol.27

Fig.7 Particle distribution released from eight subdomains in last four trace experiment after 30 days

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is important for the pollutants released from the bay Modelling & Software 21: 1 631-1 649.

Jiang, Z. R., 2004. Numerical study of typhoon upwelling.

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Department of Marine Environment and Engineering.

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Kraines, S. B., M. Isobe, and H. Komiyama, 2001. Seasonal

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8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

computation of initial dilution ability for diffuser in

We gratefully acknowledge Mr. Sixun HUANG shallow bay. Environmental Pollution and Control 27(6):

and Mr. Weibin GUAN for their assistance and 453-456. (in Chinese)

Lin, W.Q., S. Q. Lu and Y. Z. Chen, 2008. A study on the

suggestions, and Mr. Arthur Cracknell for his

numerical simulation of high salt effluent discharge and

revision of this paper. We also extend our gratitude

its maximum load control in Hangzhou Bay. Shanghai

to the MUMM (Management Unit of the

Environmental Sciences 27(3): 93-98. (in Chinese)

mathematical model for the North Sea) for their

Liu, X. C, Y. J. Lu, L. H. Pan and J. W. Wu, 2006. Tidal

free-of-charge provision of the COHERENS

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