Palli S Rao - Project Manager
Abu Dhabi-United Arab Emirates +971-****-***** +91-981*******
************@*****.*** www.linkedin.com/in/palli-s-rao-pm
What’s APP: +971*********
Skype: palli. Rao (Papua New Guinea)
Executive Profile:
A visionary and results-driven Senior project Management Professional with over 34 years of global experience leading large-scale oil gas, power, energy infrastructure, upstream downstream, midstream, power generation, refining and renewable energy petrochemical projects. Expert in directing multi-disciplinary teams, managing Integrated Project Management Teams and overseeing all phases of complex projects from feasibility through to final handover. Worked on both sides including client and contractor.
Demonstrates a strong strategic focus, aligning project objectives with organizational goals and ensuring compliance with quality, health, safety, and environmental standards. Skilled in contractor management, budgeting, and risk mitigation, with a track record of optimizing asset performance and achieving cost efficiencies. Known for fostering a high-performance culture that values innovation, teamwork, and continuous improvement, and for building effective relationships with stakeholders and regulatory bodies to support project success.
Key Competencies:
1.Project Strategy and Technical Leadership
Led and managed Multinational Project Management Teams to implement strategic project and engineering objectives. Oversaw all project engineering aspects from feasibility studies, licensing agreements, and FEED to detailed engineering, construction, pre-commissioning, commissioning and project handover operations.
2.Engineering Oversight
Provided expert technical guidance to engineering teams across multiple disciplines process mechanical, electrical, civil, instrumentation & control, construction. Developed and implemented project systems, plans, and procedures, aligning engineering activities with industry standards and petrochemical best practices.
3.Budgeting and Resource Allocation
Prepared and managed engineering budgets, monitoring project costs and financial performance to identify and capitalize on performance improvement opportunities. Developed project management tools, critical milestones, and workflows to optimize project execution phases.
4.People and Team Management
Successfully led and motivated multi-disciplinary teams, fostering a high-performance culture of trust, empowerment, and innovation. Conducted regular performance reviews, set objectives, and provided coaching to optimize staff potential.
5.Asset Optimization and Continuous Improvement
Directed value-improving practices, aligning asset enhancement strategies with divisional goals. Championed continuous improvement initiatives to enhance productivity, reduce costs, and promote best practices across engineering functions.
6.Tendering and Contractor Management:
Directed contracting strategies, led technical evaluations, and ensured pre-qualification of contractors to maintain quality and cost-effectiveness. Managed contractors to meet company standards in quality, HSE, and production targets.
7.Risk and Quality Management:
Conducted technical risk assessments, ensuring adherence to Quality Assurance Plan and HSE standards. Established Service Level Agreements for contractors and vendors, ensuring project alignment with corporate governance.
8.Relationship Management and Stakeholder Engagement
Built and maintained relationships with key stakeholders, government authorities, and contractors to support project success. Participated in committees for strategy, project proposals, and new initiatives, advising top management and sharing best practices.
9.Policy and Process Development
Contributed to the enhancement of departmental policies and procedures to improve project management effectiveness. Oversaw compliance with quality, safety, and environmental standards.
10.Reporting and Documentation
Managed project documentation, preparing studies, reports, forecasts, and engineering plans for relevant departments. Supervised engineering design reviews, ensuring accurate and timely deliverables for all phases of the project.
Education:
Master’s degree in chemical engineering
IIT Madras, India
06/1989 - 01/1991
Bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering
Andhra University, India
06/1985 - 06/1989
Professional Experience:
Project Manager- Engineering
Wood Group PLC, Abu Dhabi (ADNOC Projects)
Project: NEB Miscellaneous Facilities (Al-Nouf & Rumaitha) ADNOC Onshore
Duration: December 2023 – Present
Project Scope: The project involves extensive upgrades and installations, including CO2-WAG well conversions, high-pressure and medium-pressure compressors, self-oscillating fire/foam monitors, PSS skids, smokeless flares, CCPP, MSASV and VR sensors for gas lift systems, water injector wells, and pipeline replacements, adhering to ADNOC's rigorous standards for operational and safety excellence.
Key Responsibilities Included:
Strategic Project Leadership: Define project scope, establish goals and milestones, develop schedules, and allocate resources to ensure on-time, on-budget project delivery that aligns with safety, quality, and cost objectives.
Engineering Oversight: Oversee all engineering facets, maintaining alignment with technical objectives, project scope, budget, and timeline. Establish KPIs to track task completion, resource utilization, missed milestones, and overall project performance.
Quality & Compliance Assurance: Ensure the project meets ADNOC and international codes, standards, and HSE guidelines, coordinating cross-functional teams and integrating technical requirements to guarantee the quality and consistency of project deliverables.
Technical Leadership & Mentorship: Provide leadership to the engineering department, fostering team growth and supervising the development of engineering staff. Mentor junior engineers, enhancing technical competencies across the project lifecycle.
Design Optimization & Constructability: Drive design optimization to ensure plant constructability, operability, and flexibility. Conduct and supervise HAZID, HAZOP PHA, layout, and 3D model reviews to ensure design robustness and adherence to project objectives.
Risk Management & Change Control: Oversee technical elements of the Risk Management and Change Management programs, ensuring risk mitigation and process alignment with project goals. Support quality assurance efforts to maintain high standards across all phases of execution.
Stakeholder Coordination: Facilitate technical issue resolution by liaising with ADNOC’s Technical Departments, Business Units, Operations, and external contractors/consultants. Interface with contractor engineering teams to guide design compliance and functionality.
Bid Analysis & Contract Management: Manage technical bid analysis and engineering-related contract aspects to ensure optimal design solutions and contractor alignment with ADNOC's standards.
Technical Reviews & Studies: Lead and coordinate technical reviews, validating engineering activities and project specifications to maintain the integrity of the engineering solutions
Project Manager- Engineering
SNC Lavalin, Abu Dhabi
October 2022 – December 2023
Project: ADNOC OSGE (Onshore Sour Gas Expansion) Project
Project Scope:
ADNOC OSGE (Onshore Gas Expansion) Project, Abu Dhabi, aimed at increasing the gas plant’s processing capacity by 13% from 1.28 BCF/day to 1.45 BCF/day.
Handled sour gas processing with high H2S (25%) and CO2 (10%) content, incorporating NGL recovery.
Delivered on a brownfield scope requiring detailed engineering, procurement, installation, and commissioning of all tie-ins.
Key responsibilities included:
EPCC Contractor & Subcontractor Oversight: Managed multidisciplinary engineering executions and ensured alignment with EPCC contract terms, driving timely project progress and deliverable completion.
Engineering Deliverables & Design Optimization: Oversaw the delivery of all engineering deliverables, technical reviews, and implemented variation orders and design changes, prioritizing alternative designs to reduce cost, schedule, and work scope.
Risk & HSE Management: Conducted HSE workshops, finalized long lead items and spare parts, identified, and mitigated project risks, and facilitated technical and commercial bid evaluations.
Performance Monitoring: Set and monitored KPIs, including resource utilization, on-time task completion, milestone adherence, and planned vs. actual work hours.
Materials & Vendor Coordination: Managed materials, raw materials, and utilities at the site, and coordinated vendor mobilization for commissioning activities.
Documentation & Reporting: Delivered regular reports and presentations to management, maintained comprehensive project documentation, registered lessons learned, and managed the demobilization or reassignment of the engineering team.
Project Close-Out & Commissioning: Supervised the completion of modules and packages, including brownfield tie-ins, and oversaw commissioning phases to ensure timely and effective project close-out.
Project Engineering Manager
Target Engineering & Construction, Abu Dhabi (JV with Tecnicas Reunidas Spain)
Dalma Gas Development (DGD) Project
April 2022 – October 2022
Project scope: $1.2 billion Dalma Gas Development (DGD) project, part of an initiative to develop untapped hydrocarbon reserves, producing 340 MMSCFD of raw gas, CCPP, HRSG. Directed EPC contract activities encompassing engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning, and startup for process facilities, power generation, utilities, and supporting infrastructure.
Key responsibilities included:
Project Leadership: Oversaw EPC detail engineering, progress monitoring, planning, execution, budgeting, scope, client interface, and contract management to ensure successful project completion within the timeline and budget.
Team Management: Managed and grew a multidisciplinary engineering team of over 250 professionals, establishing KPIs such as Planned Value (PV), Earned Value (EV), Cost Performance Index (CPI), and Schedule Performance Index (SPI) to monitor project adherence.
Technical and Design Oversight: Ensured compliance with international engineering standards across all disciplines (process, mechanical, electrical, E&I, civil, and structural). Conducted due diligence on technical documents, delivering consistent and optimized engineering designs. Supervised fabrication of modules/packages.
Stakeholder and Contractor Collaboration: Coordinated closely with JV partner Tecnicas Reunidas, contractors, and the client engineering group, leading design reviews and technical discussions to ensure that all engineering deliverables aligned with project specifications and standards.
Risk and Compliance Management: Led HAZOP, HAZID, SIL, OHID, and ENVID studies to manage risk and ensure compliance with HSE standards. Implemented change management processes, improving cost efficiency, and promoting a culture of continuous improvement.
Process Optimization: Developed EPC packages for dehydration, gas sweetening, gas turbines, flares, power, and utility facilities. Initiated and coordinated dedicated studies to enhance design consistency, operability, and constructability.
Performance and Quality Control: Maintained rigorous oversight of all project activities to meet client deliverables, schedules, and safety requirements. Promoted a healthy, collaborative work culture and ensured quality in engineering execution methods.
General Manager / Senior Project Manager
08/2020 - 04/2022
GOGAS, Abu Dhabi
Project scope:
ADNOC Gas Compression Projects
ADNOC Offshore Call-Off Contracts
Various EPC Projects&Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP)
Company Fabrication Yards Management
Key responsibilities included:
Project Execution & Operations Management: Led the full-cycle execution of EPC projects, including planning, budgeting, scheduling, risk management, procurement, construction, and commissioning. Managed day-to-day company operations for onshore and offshore oil and gas projects.
Performance Monitoring & KPI Implementation: Ensured project efficiency by tracking KPIs such as PV, AC, EV, CV, CPI, ROI, Gross Profit Margin, SV, SPI, and other project metrics to meet budget, timeline, and quality targets.
Project Strategy & Technical Coordination: Developed project strategies from concept to completion, provided technical coordination across disciplines, resolved design conflicts, and ensured design consistency and operability.
Engineering & Contract Management: Oversaw engineering design, data sheets, specifications, procurement, and contract management, including commercial negotiations, bidding, and cost/project controls.
Team Leadership & Collaboration: Fostered a collaborative and positive work environment within the engineering team, promoting effective communication, conflict resolution, and a formidable team spirit.
VP- LNG projects
AG&P, Manila - Philippines
November 2019 – August 2020
Projects scope: LNG Projects, LNG Terminals, FSRU (Floating Storage and Regasification Unit), onshore/offshore modules fabrication, Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP), LNG BOG modules, and refinery & petrochemical shutdown projects. Fabrication workshop.
Key Responsibilities included:
Engineering Oversight & Standards: Managed project personnel and subcontractors, enforced engineering standards and procedures, and performed squad checks to ensure compliance with all relevant standards.
Proposals & Estimations: Led project proposal development, cost estimations, and prepared fabrication of modules/packages, ensuring project alignment with client requirements.
Safety & Risk Mitigation: Conducted HAZOP, HAZID, and SIL safety studies, along with risk identification workshops, to mitigate risks as project designs matured.
Financial & Schedule Tracking: Monitored project financials, set KPIs for SPI, CPI, SV, and other metrics, ensuring projects met scheduled and financial targets.
FEED studies: Terminals LNG
Cross-functional Coordination: Interfaced with procurement, QA/QC, HSE, logistics, legal, and HR to ensure smooth project execution.
Turnaround/Shutdown Management: Oversaw shutdown and turnaround activities, including the MEP/E&I scope for JG Summit refinery, and completed the FEED study for the LNG Karaikal terminal.
Project Engineering Head
MUC Engineering / ADNOC, Abu Dhabi
March 2018 – November 2019
Project Sope: ADNOC Rumaita Detail Engineering Project, including EPC detail engineering for clusters, manifolds, flow lines, trunk lines, Central Processing Plants (CPP), well heads, ETR, ITR slug catcher and test separator modifications, gas lift, water injections, and chemical injection packages (including corrosion inhibitors). Control systems utilizing Honeywell DCS.
Key Responsibilities included:
Multidiscipline Engineering Management: Oversaw multidiscipline engineering efforts, including process, mechanical, civil, instrumentation, and electrical disciplines, utilizing 3D modelling for design accuracy.
Resource Management: Managed and forecasted resource utilization, staffing levels, and requirements to ensure project milestones were met efficiently.
Capability Evaluation and Development: Evaluated engineering/design staff capabilities, identifying needs, and designing development/training programs to enhance skills and support career growth.
Process Module Oversight: Directed the development and execution of process modules/packages to ensure adherence to project specifications.
Contractor Management: Regularly monitored contractors' engineering teams, ensuring timely reviews and adherence to project timelines and quality standards.
Specification and Proposal Development: Developed and prepared specifications, proposals, engineering reports, and data sheets for long lead items, ensuring clarity and compliance with project requirements.
Deliverable Approval and Review: Approved and reviewed engineering deliverables, ensuring alignment with project standards and objectives.
Critical Analysis: Conducted critical analysis of cost, schedule, resource milestones, and integration of engineering efforts, utilizing expert judgment to resolve issues effectively.
Technical Monitoring: Broadly monitored technical concepts and developments, ensuring compliance with industry standards and best practices.
Safety and Risk Assessment: Led HAZOP, HAZID, SIL, Environmental, and Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) processes, and managed QA/QC and HSE compliance through all project phases.
Project Manager
CPECC Iraq / BP Oil
August 2017 – March 2018
Project scope: Development of degassing stations around the North Rumaila oil fields, Basra, Iraq, involving the construction of 120,000 BOPD degassing stations.
Key Responsibilities included:
Project Coordination: Coordinated internal resources and third-party vendors to ensure flawless execution of projects, fostering effective collaboration and communication.
Timely Delivery: Ensured all projects were delivered on time, within scope, and within budget, implementing effective project management practices.
Cost Management: Managed project costing, contracts, claims, procurement, and planning, optimizing resources and minimizing costs while maintaining quality.
Modular Fabrication Oversight: Oversaw module fabrications, including modular designs, work packs, and pipe racks, ensuring alignment with project specifications and timelines.
Stakeholder Engagement: Reviewed project scopes and objectives, engaging all relevant stakeholders to ensure technical feasibility and safety of the delivered project.
KPI Development: Established and monitored Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to assess project performance and drive continuous improvement.
Successful Commissioning: Led the successful erection and commissioning of two degassing stations, meeting project goals and contributing to overall project success.
Project Engineering Manager
PLKJV / TANAP Gas Pipeline Project, Türkiye
January 2017 – July 2017
Project scope: TANAP (Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline) – a 48" diameter, 459-kilometer pipeline designed to transport 24 BCMA of natural gas.
Key Responsibilities included:
Detailed Engineering Management: Oversaw detailed engineering for cross-country pipelines, including development of Process Flow Diagrams (PFD), Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID), design basis documents, alignment sheets, and construction drawings.
Major Crossings Management: Managed design and engineering for major crossings, including river, road, and rail crossings, utilizing Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) and auger boring techniques.
Contractor Oversight: Regularly monitored contractors' engineering teams and ensured timely reviews by clients to maintain project timelines.
Specification Development: Developed and prepared specifications, proposals, engineering reports, and data sheets for long lead items, ensuring compliance with project requirements.
Deliverable Review and Approval: Approved and reviewed engineering deliverables to ensure alignment with project standards and objectives.
Critical Analysis: Conducted critical analysis of costs, schedules, resource milestones, and integration of engineering efforts, applying expert judgment to resolve issues effectively.
Technical Monitoring: Broadly monitored technical concepts, ensuring compliance with industry standards and best practices.
Construction Methodology: Prepared construction method statements, lifting calculations, trench breakers, equipment data sheets, instrument and control systems studies, and reports, including HAZOP studies and rock blasting assessments.
Coordination with Stakeholders: Coordinated with clients, contractors, and subcontractors to ensure effective collaboration and project execution.
PROJECT MANAGER – PMC/EPC
JPEC / Sudapet, Sudan /ENI/WAHA Libya
February 2015 – January 2017
Projects:
Upstream field surface facilities development, Sudan
FPSO conversion project for Iran Oil, Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP)
Melita Gas Complex expansion, ENI project at Tripoli, Libya
EPC Engineering, Procurement, Construction, and Commissioning of a 200 MMscfd gas processing complex with dehydration and gas compression export facilities Libya
Key Responsibilities included:
Project Organization & Communication: Defined and maintained project organization, responsibilities, and accountabilities while managing communication and reporting across all internal project members and external stakeholders.
Project Execution Planning: Developed the Project Execution Plan and Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to ensure clarity in project scope and execution.
Contract Management: Ensured that contract baseline costs, schedules, scopes, and regulatory obligations were summarized and communicated effectively to the project team.
Upstream Project Oversight: Managed FEED/EPC activities for upstream projects, including well heads, flow lines, trunk lines, tank farms, cross-country pipelines, manifolds, pump stations, and construction commissioning.
KPI Setting & Performance Monitoring: Established Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to monitor project performance and facilitate continuous improvement.
Single Point of Contact: Acted as the single point of contact for project activities, coordinating effectively with the company and resolving execution-related issues.
Budgeting & Planning: Managed project budgeting, contracts, claims, procurement, and project planning to ensure financial control and resource allocation.
Natural Gas Processing Review: Organized and managed the project team to achieve objectives, reviewing operating/design conditions of the natural gas processing facility at Melita and recommending improvements and maintenance requirements.
LPG Tank Farm Design Review: Conducted design reviews for LPG propane and butane tank farms, ensuring compliance with industry standards.
EPC Contractor Management: Managed multiple EPC contractors for upstream field surface facilities, pipelines, flow lines, and trunk lines in Sudan.
FPSO Conversion Project Management: Led detailed engineering for the FPSO conversion EPC project, encompassing engineering, procurement, construction, FEED, and detailed engineering of topsides, well heads, connections, and commissioning.
Engineering Deliverable Review: Reviewed project scopes and design bases, approving engineering deliverables across civil, mechanical, process, electrical, marine, and automation disciplines.
Interface Coordination: Facilitated interfaces with contractors, subcontractors, vendors, and procurement teams, ensuring smooth transportation, construction, and installation of flow lines, trunk lines, and pipelines.
Project Manager
Petromin PNG Holdings Limited, Papua New Guinea
January 2011 – February 2015
Project scope: 22.0 billion USD PNG-LNG Project, Upstream oil production, power, offshore LNG FPSO, CNG/PNG, FSU, FSRU, Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) and petrochemical projects (methanol, urea, ammonia).
Key Responsibilities included:
Project Oversight: Managed multiple high-value projects, including the PNG-LNG project, upstream oil production, power generation, pipelines, LNG FPSO projects, and FSRU/FPU facilities.
Team Leadership: Directed a multidisciplinary team of engineers, ensuring effective project execution and coordination across various sectors, including offshore and onshore.
CNG Project Development: Developed a compressed natural gas (CNG) project aimed at providing transportation fuels for Papua New Guinea.
Offshore Field Development: Oversaw the Pasca/Pandora offshore field development projects in deep water, ensuring alignment with project objectives and timelines.
Petrochemical Project Management: Led the development of methanol and urea ammonia projects, integrating engineering and operational strategies for successful execution.
Performance Metrics: Established and monitored Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as Planned Value (PV), Actual Cost (AC), Earned Value (EV), Cost Variance (CV), Cost Performance Index (CPI), Return on Investment (ROI), and Gross Profit Margin to ensure project financial health.
Specification Validation: Validated project engineering specifications, documents, drawings, and calculations, ensuring compliance with Quality Plans, applicable codes, and HSE regulations.
FEED studies: LNG FPSO, FSRU, PAPUA LNG project with TOTAL energies.
Contractual Compliance: Reviewed and validated stages of project studies in accordance with contract rules, ensuring adherence to technical and regulatory requirements.
Constructability Review: Assessed the constructability of proposed designs, ensuring adequacy with the overall project budget and feasibility.
Cost Control: Monitored the progress of studies, controlling costs, and ensuring full satisfaction of project objectives.
Coordination with Engineering Teams: Coordinated with package engineering teams to facilitate seamless integration and execution of engineering tasks.
Contractor Compliance: Managed Contractor Engineering Dossiers, ensuring compliance with project specifications and standards.
Project Structure Development: Developed project team structures by defining and implementing the Project Organization Chart, Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), and Project Execution Plan in collaboration with key personnel.
Stakeholder Engagement: Engaged with major contractors, including Saipem, Spicapag, Worley Parsons, Technip, JGC, Chiyoda, CBI, and Bam Clough, to ensure effective collaboration and project alignment.
Project Engineering Manager
Terra Energy Services Limited, Nigeria
February 2009 – January 2011
Projects:
1.Offshore Well Heads Detail Engineering for Addax Petroleum
oScope: Civil, structural, electrical instrumentation, piping, mechanical, and process engineering.
2.Shell Dom Gas Flare Reduction & Gas Compression EPC Project
oScope: Flare reduction and gas compression EPC project for multiple locations across Nigeria. Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP)
3.Offshore Pipeline Replacement in Angola and Ongoing Studies
oScope: Pipeline replacement feasibility study in Angola, flare reduction and gas compression projects in Algeria, and water injection studies in Sudan.
Key Responsibilities included:
Multidisciplinary Engineering Management: Led engineering efforts across multiple disciplines, including process, mechanical, electrical, civil, instrumentation, and QHSE activities.
Detail Engineering Management: Oversaw the detail engineering of the Adanga North offshore unattended well head platform for Addax Petroleum, ensuring technical specifications were met.
Safety Audits and Training: Conducted HAZOP, HAZID, and SIL design audits, and facilitated training programs for local staff to enhance skill sets.
Project Feasibility Studies: Managed numerous studies, including flare reduction studies in Algeria and water injection feasibility studies in Sudan, ensuring alignment with project goals.
Engineering Oversight: Approved and reviewed engineering work, focusing on cost-effective engineering solutions while managing staffing, project planning, and execution.
Gas Flare Reduction Project Management: Directed detail engineering for the Shell Dom gas flare reduction and gas compression project across multiple Nigerian locations.
Technical Compliance Validation: Validated technical dossiers prior to the procurement of equipment or materials, ensuring compliance with project specifications.
Vendor Documentation Management: Monitored vendor documentation throughout the engineering and execution phases, ensuring readiness for Ex-Work.
Material Quantity Control: Maintained control over material quantities during the design phase, ensuring efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
Technical Query Resolution: Addressed technical queries and deviation requests promptly and professionally to facilitate project progress.
Maintenance Monitoring: Monitored maintenance activities for the Bonga FPSO project, ensuring operational integrity and compliance.
Business Development: Engaged in bidding processes, including ITB submittals, contributing to business development efforts.
KPI Management: Established and monitored KPIs to evaluate project performance and ensure objectives were met.
Lead Process Engineer
Dodsal Engineering, Dubai
June 2007 – January 2009
Project: Ruwais Refinery Sulphur Facilities Expansion EPC Project
Client: ADNOC
Scope: Expansion of sulphur facilities including sulphur palletization, sulphur tank installations, utilities, export facilities (jetty), fire-fighting facilities, Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) and truck loading/ship loading operations.
Key Responsibilities included:
Project Oversight: Led the expansion of sulphur facilities at Ruwais Refinery, focusing on sulphur handling and granulation processes, conveyors, and loading operations.
EPC Management: Managed the EPC scope for sulphur palletization, including the design and installation of sulphur tanks, utilities, export facilities, and firefighting systems.
FEED Verification: Conducted verification of Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) documents to ensure project specifications and requirements were met.
Technical Documentation Review: Reviewed Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs), Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs), design verifications, and process data sheets.
Deliverables Management: Ensured the timely and accurate delivery of key project documents, including relief systems and heat/material balances.
Software Utilization: Utilized engineering software tools such as HYSYS, PRO/11, HTRI, and SMART PLANT to enhance process design and analysis.
Manager - Refinery & Petrochemical Complex
Indian Oil Corporation, India
October 1993 – June