Microsoft Office Post-Doctoral

Christopher Michael Olsen

Lexington, MA

Summary

I want to use my skills in chemistry, quantitative spectroscopic and thermodynamic biophysical analyses (8+ years), protein/nucleic acid/biomacromolecule formulation and pre-formulation (9+ years), instrumentation (21+ years), and regulatory filing (9+ years) to contribute in a positive and productive manner to the development and formulation of macromolecular products under exploratory and GMP conditions in the Greater Boston area.

Technical Skills

Strong understanding and application of automated filling technology (AST filling machine for vials and syringes), Injection time and Break Loose Glide Force (BLGF) technology (Instron instrumentation), Differential Scanning.

Calorimetry (Microcal VP-DSC and automated capillary), Pressure Perturbation Calorimetry (PPC), Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC), Osmometry, Viscometry, Turbidity measurements, Temperature Dependent Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) with and without microscope imaging, Temperature-dependant UV.

Fluorescence, and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopies, Particle Counting with HIAC, Particle Counting using Microscopy, Microflow Imaging (MFI), as well as Static and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).

Understanding of Nano sight Particle Tracking, SoloVPE Slope Spectroscopy, High Resolution Ultrasound Spectroscopy (HR-US), Time Correlated Single Photon Counting Spectroscopy (TCSPC), Densiometry, Modulated pan DSC, Particle sizing and characterization.

lyophilization, SDS-PAGE gel, Western Blot, Interpretation of data and chromatogram integration of Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC-HPLC), Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEX), denaturing and non dentaturing Ion Paired Reverse Phase Chromatography (d and nd IPRP), Capillary Iso Electric Focusing (cIEF) techniques, ultracentrifugation and virus purification.

Other Skills

Cleaning, maintenance, and minor repair of the above instrumentation. Strong understanding of a variety of new or complex instrumentation including the OLIS protein machine (OLIS), Optim 1000 (Avacta, now Unchained Lab Uncle), and Chirascan Plus (Applied Photo physics). Minor computer maintenance and repair as well as maintenance and repair of Labconco water purification systems.

Some electrical soldering abilities. Proficient in Microsoft Office Suite, Graphic Analysis (Origin, Quattro Pro, Excel), Numerical Analysis (MATLAB and Minitab). Familiar with and implementation of Design of Experiments (DoE) software (Minitab).

Education

Post-doctoral researcher with Dr. C. Russell Middaugh at the University of Kansas working on the biophysical characterization, pre-formulation, and stabilization of macromolecules including proteins, antibodies, and vaccines as well as the characterization of protein-ligand interactions. August 2008 to June 2010 Projects include:

Characterization, excipient screening and formulation of a small peptide at high concentration,

Biophysical characterization of mAbs under a variety of excipient conditions using dynamic measurements,

Purification, characterization, excipient screening and formulation of combination vaccines,

A multitude of isothermal titration experiments to test the interaction of cations, cyclodextrans, and proteins with several kinds of macromolecules for collaborative efforts,

Freeze/thaw study and excipient analysis on a liquid formulation on a protective antigen for the anthrax virus,

Evaluation of the potential uses of new instrumentation.

As well as participation and guidance in 3-4 other projects.

Note: The MVSC at the University of Kansas functions as a CRO within the University. We conduct contract projects with major pharmaceutical companies, universities, and other organizations. The typical annual budget is around five to ten million dollars total for these projects.

Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Biophysics) with Dr. Luis A. Marky at the University of Nebraska Medical Center: My dissertation research was on the energetics, ion and hydration effects on the folding/unfolding of unique nucleic acid structures, specifically G-quadruplexes using biophysical techniques. Laboratory experience with DNAs (duplex, triplex, hairpins, quadruplexes, etc.), RNA (siRNA, mRNA, etc.), DNA/RNA complexes, and modified nucleic acid species. June 2003 to July 2008.

Attended Kansas State University: My research focused on using femto-second laser spectroscopy systems to study electron injection dynamics of the photosensitive N3 dye – August 2000 to May 2003.

Bachelor of Science in Chemistry at the University of Nebraska at Omaha: with a concentration in Math and Physics – August 1995 to May 2000.

Professional Experience

BD/Embecta, Andover, MA

Senior Staff Scientist, Verification and Validation Group

November 2020 to Febraury 2025

Technical Roles and Responsibilities

Prepare summary report for in house product assessments such as device performance or new part applicabilities.

Facilitate material preparation and transfer to and from various stake holders at testing sites including Wuxi AppTec.

Write, review, edit, and data integrity check technical reports within the group.

Set up new Bio testing lab and acquire new instrumentation to increase group capabilities.

Evaluate new instrumentation.

Perform physico chemical analysis on formulated DP and solve unknown issues based on the results.

Chemistry department EHS and Lab Compliance officer. Perform audits, suggest and implement changes within the lab areas.

Oversee six stability studies for testing for device (IDD) and insulin (Humalog and Novolog 3 lots each) and review final stability reports including processes, data, and other critical issues for 510k filling.

Manage a small group of in-house analysts and chemists to oversee insulin/device interactions, and answer questions posed related to chemistry of the product by the management teams.

Participated in CAPA investigations by providing the lead investigator with data and process descriptions. Also assisted in writing Corrective and Preventive Actions to address potential issues in the testing process and offer guidance on how to minimize or respond to problems if they arise.

Leadership Responsibilities

As a senior staff scientist, I work in the verification and validation group in the data acquisition, analysis and interpretation of results to influence stake holders within Embecta. I participate in cross functional teams to complete functional group deliverables on time.

I manage a small group off 2-3 (including myself) high level scientists that evaluate material/insulin interaction under accelerated conditions, stability and performance of insulin delivery from the device in question, evaluate future uses of the patch pump in drug delivery or other usage, oversee formal studies used in 510k filing at Wuxi AppTec, perform and document insulin temperature stressing for formal testing, evaluate future instrumentation for the group and handle current instrumentation and stability chambers PM, handle EHS activities for the group and oversee chemical waste streams for the Embecta site, among other day to day duties.

Achievements

Successful 510k submission and clearance/acceptance by the FDA on the insulin delivery device (IDD), patch pump device.

Work with Embecta EHS to guarantee proper chemical disposal and handling of all site chemical issues

Oversight and On-Site Support for the completion of over 6 lots of marketed insulin (Novolog and Humalog) for Bio Compatibility and insulin device compatibility: including particulates, potency, degradants, stability, E&L, etc. at Wuxi AppTec in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN.

Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA

Senior Scientist, Process Chemistry

September 2018 to November 2020

Technical Roles and Responsibilities

Prepare summary report for in house drug product (DP) fills for regulatory filing (6 drug molecules/candidates in Phases I-III).

Facilitate material transfer to and from various stake holders in the company (3 drug molecules/candidates in Phases I-III).

Perform aseptic drug product fills for various stakele holder needs 6-8 drug molecules/candidates in Phases I-III).

Write, review, edit, and data integrity check technical reports within the group.

Set up new Drug Product Processing and Formulation lab and acquire new instrumentation to increase group capabilities.

Evaluate new instrumentation.

Perform physico chemical analysis on formulated DP and solve unknown issues based on the results.

Process Chemistry department EHS and Lab Compliance officer. Perform audits, suggest and implement changes within Process Chemistry.

Lead and perform two stability studies and testing for late phase drug products for possible formulation update including denaturing and non-denaturing IPRP-HPLC, AEX-HPLC, physical properties, and A260 concentration experiments.

Drug Product Processing representative on CMC team for early phase product.

Leadership Responsibilities

As a senior scientist, I work in the drug product process chemistry group in the data acquisition, analysis and interpretation of results to influence stake holders within Regulatory, Quality, Analytical, and CMC groups. I participate in cross functional teams to complete functional group deliverables on time.

I contribute to the selection of drug product formulation, as well as troubleshoot any issues that arise with drug product including instrumentation, formulation, packaging, etc.

Achievements

Set up new lab with aseptic filling and formulation and analysis capabilities.

Work with Alnylam EHS to bring Process Chemistry labs up to appropriate levels Complete over 10 aseptic in-house drug product formulation and fills for stake holders including analytical development, PKPD, and toxicology.

Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA

Senior Scientist, Drug Product Development and Manufacturing

April 2017 to September 2018

Technical Roles and Responsibilities

Review sub-visible particulate data and determine particle specification and justification for M710 & M740.

Review drug product formulation strategy for M710 & M740.

Review drug product specifications and assess any holes in drug product specifications M710 & M740.

Review feasibility, development, and GMP batch records and recommend strategies to improve drug product.

Learn and operate the GENiSYS multi format benchtop filling system, to aseptically fill vials for drug product formulation studies for M710 and a biosimilar with vial and syringe presentation.

Complete drug product Physico-Chemical and delivery properties of drug product presentations, including: osmolality, viscosity, density, pH, fill volume, Interact with Contract Research Organizations (CROs). Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMOs), and testing facilities to clarify analytical results, quality reports, and documentation.

Work with testing facilities to reverse engineering product presentation and packaging for biosimilars and select appropriate presentations including vials, syringes, stoppers, and filling parameters.

Write SOPs and best practices documents for the usage of instrumentation with the lab, as well as assess new types of equipment and create.

Draft, review, and edit drug substance and drug product section in regulatory documents related to our group functions and also defend those sections if agency questions arise.

Supported CAPA investigations by supplying relevant data and detailed process information to the lead investigator. Additionally, contributed to drafting Corrective and Preventive Actions aimed at preventing potential testing issues and outlining steps to take if problems occur.

Ensure no open and overdue Quality related items from CMOs, CROs, and in-house activities. This involves review of quality items and completion of CAPAs.

Develop a drug process parameter tracking and trending form for monitoring CMO batch manufacturing performance.

Contribute to the evaluation of the incorporation of future biosimilars into the portfolio as a member of the CMC Strategic Team.

Leadership Responsibilities

As a senior scientist, I work in the drug product development group in the data acquisition, analysis and interpretation of results to influence stake holders within Regulatory, Quality, Analytical, and CMC groups. I participate in cross functional teams to complete functional group deliverables on time.

I contribute to the selection of drug product formulation and package selection, as well as troubleshoot any issues that arise with drug product. I am also tasked with drafting Drug Substance and Drug Product section for Regulatory documents for my division.

Achievements

The successful IND & IMPD filing of the M710 (biosimilar for Eylea) and continued support for other regulatory filings including M740 Moved lab spaces within the building and helped to establish a clean room for drug product fills in-house.

Quality Recognition Award (2nd Quarter 2017) for contributions to M710 Drug Product cGMP Manufacturing.

Outstanding Performance Award in September 2017 for successful tech transfer and manufacturing of M710 DP batches to the CMO.

Alcon Labs, a division of Novartis, Fort Worth, TX (January 2012 to November 2016)

Senior Scientist III

September 2014 to November 2016

Duties included:

Technical Roles and Responsibilities

Oversee release of clinical supply batches for Phase II and Phase III studies from our pilot facility.

Batch record review from CMO and pilot facility to determine the “Quality” of the drug substance or drug product produced.

Module 3 writing CTA sections for drug substance and processing sections and secondary writer Module 3 CTA sections for drug product.

Technical review and risk assessment for manufacturing process deviations and changes for drug product manufacturing at the pilot facility and commercial manufacturing organization for drug substance.

Responsible for stability protocols for drug substance and drug product to support registration documents.

Quality Agreement review between Alcon and our commercial manufacturing site.

Review deviation in clinical sample storage and approval of usage for said samples.

General technical consultant on all unplanned or unexpected deviations in formulation, stability, and storage of biological products within the Alcon organization.

Lead Alcon contact with the contract manufacturing organization for RTH258 drug substance and QC release testing coordinator.

Oversee GMP Analytical Method Transfers to drug product commercial manufacturing sites, drug substance commercial manufacturing site, and contract research testing facilities. Review the technical results of the transfer including physicals methods, HPLC purity methods, and UV content methods.

Resource alignment review and SLA contract overview for technical skills and information transfer.

Optimize and review analytical assays for Phase III development.

Review documents and participate in the testing of drug substance characterization and comparability at the commercial scale.

Work with team to implement statistical process control (SPC) in the development of assays to tighten specifications upon filing the BLA.

Continued stability support for the long-term shelf life testing of drug substance and drug product.

Stability testing for the development of a pre-filled syringe (PFS) presentation of a high concentration scFv.

Participated in CAPA investigations by providing the lead investigator with data and process descriptions. Also assisted in writing Corrective and Preventive Actions to address potential issues in the testing process and offer guidance on how to minimize or respond to problems if they arise.

Leadership Responsibilities

My main leadership responsibilities included the leading of a team of 4-6 senior scientists and junior in the drafting of protocols and reports for the physico-chemical analytical method transfer of a phase III product to the commercial testing facility which would perform release and primary stability on the commercial scale material.

In conjunction with these activities I assisted in the moving of our facilities from one building to another with all of the appropriate Quality paperwork associated with continued GMP release testing for Clinical Supplies. I was also the lead analytical chemist to align and contribute all testing for the release of clinical supplies from our pilot facility. Once released, this included the review and support of the stability program and regulatory interactions and updates.

Achievements

The successful transfer of analytical methods to contract manufacturing lab for the release and primary stability testing of drug substance and drug product at commercial manufacturing scale for RTH258.

The continued successful filing of the RTH258 molecule in ROW regions, and successful defense of regulatory questions from the agencies.

Alcon Laboratories, Inc. (a division of Novartis)

Senior Scientist I and Senior Scientist II

January 2012 to September 2014

Technical Roles and Responsibilities

Formulation screening and development for intravitreal injection under GDP conditions.

Development, performance, and validation of a variety of bio-analytical assays in a GMP environment.

Support exploratory, toxicology, and clinical analytical stability studies.

Write and review laboratory notebooks, technical documents and procedures, tech transfer documentation, instrument operation documents, as well as regulatory agency questions and responses for use in regulated studies.

Write and review CMC and API manufacturing sections in IND/CTA Amendments and Briefing Packets in the US and EU, as well as writing procedures for Japanese filings.

Key team member on outsourcing drug substance manufacturing at a large CMO for Phase III/commercial manufacturing (analytical, product manufacturing, and tech transfer activities, AMT protocol reviews, study plans, etc.).

Evaluate, order, maintain, and validate a variety of biopharmaceutical instrumentation in a GMP environment

Active CMC sub team member on five to six biopharmaceutical related products and CMC sub team lead for an additional project with accelerated timelines (high visibility and high importance for the Alcon pipeline).

A variety of core team leadership and design of experiments (DoE) training courses.

General consultant on various biophysical, formulation, and analytical concerns that arise throughout project development on biomacromolecule related projects at Alcon Laboratories.

Mentor for summer intern.

Evaluate, initiate, and set up CROs for analytical testing.

General instrument consultation with scientists at other pharmaceutical companies.

Provide multiple training seminars on biophysical and biopharmaceutical techniques, conferences attended, and project review.

Participated in CAPA investigations by providing the lead investigator with data and process descriptions. Also assisted in writing Corrective and Preventive Actions to address potential issues in the testing process and offer guidance on how to minimize or respond to problems if they arise.

Reviewer for the Journal of Chemistry and Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Leadership Responsibilities

My main leadership responsibilities included the representation on 5-6 CMC sub teams for the analytical group. This included the design and testing of new formulations for a scFv that transitioned from pre- to post POC. The coordination of testing plans and updating regulatory filing documents to include stability timepoints and CMC strategy changes. Along with these responsibilities, I was the main analytical chemist that handled the transfer of the manufacturing process to a new site and was involved in weekly meetings t with the drug substance API team to assess a new drug substance API formulation.

Along with the above responsibilities, I also was the CMC sub team lead on a high priority project for an IVT of a full mAb. I was the CMC representative on the core team and provided the CMC strategy and timelines for the project. This involved leading team meetings of 5-7 individuals, to align with all of the CMC stake holders on the strategy (packaging, analytical development, formulation, clinical supplies, regulatory, etc.) In the team lead role, I also functioned as the analytical representative for this team.

Achievements

The formulation for a high concentration scFv for intravitreal injection (IVT) that produced a shelf life of over two years at 2-8 oC and 6 months at 25 oC.

The leading of a CMC sub team which included the development of the Target Product Profile (TPP), the decisions for the commercial scale manufacturing site, analytical method transfers, design of stability studies, input into the clinical strategy, as interactions with the varied customers dependent on CMC (packaging, analytical development, microbiology, formulation, clinical supplies, regulatory, etc.)

Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center

Research Associate

June 2010 to December 2011

(Director: C. Russell Middaugh, Co-Director: David B. Volkin, Associate Director: Sangeeta B. Joshi) at the University of Kansas. Continuing work on the biophysical characterization, pre-formulation, and stabilization of biopharmaceuticals. Projects include:

Technical Roles and Responsibilities

Characterization, excipient screening, formulation and adjuvant studies of a protein vaccine for malaria.

Purification, characterization, excipient screening and formulation of a marketed trivalent combination vaccine consisting of three live attenuated viruses.

Freeze/thaw study and excipient analysis of a liquid formulation of a protective antigen for anthrax.

Development of a placebo for a liquid recombinant protein formulation.

Setting up new particle characterization instrumentation and troubleshooting.

Assay development, excipient screening, and formulation on a therapeutic antigen for Factor X.

Continuing ITC studies on binding of cations to proteins, desolvation of ions and aggregation of modified polystyrene beads, drug binding to KGF2 protein, ligand macromolecule interactions.

Biophysical characterization study and empirical phase diagram (EPD) comparison on the differences between a VEGF antagonist with all amino acids in the D or L conformation; and 25 subsequent double mutants of the D-proteins.

Purification, characterization, excipient screening and formulation of a subunit vaccine containing HA and NA proteins from the H1N1 influenza virus.

Testing and evaluation of new instrumentation (OLIS Protein Machine, Applied Photo physics Chirascan Plus, Avacta Optim 1000).

Oversaw, participation, and/or guidance in 7-8 other projects (see below for other or continued projects).

Note: The MVSC at the University of Kansas functions as a CRO within the University. We conduct contract projects with major pharmaceutical companies, universities, and other organizations. The typical annual budget is around five to ten million dollars total for these projects.

Leadership Responsibilities

My primary responsibilities as a staff member of the MVSC at the University of Kansas included the maintenance of the instruments in the lab (UV-Vis, CDs, Fluorometers, Wyatt DLS, Microcal DSCs and more) which involved performing repairs on the instruments and arranging for company PMs as needed. I was also in charge of training new graduate students and post docs on the usage of these instruments.

I was also in charge of evaluating new instrumentation for use within the lab for high throughput testing and worked closely with a graduate student to design a protocol for the use of a single instrument to acquire appropriate data for an empirical phase diagram.

I would also oversee and participate in a team of 2-3 graduate students and post-doctoral lab members in the completion of contract projects. This included training, work assignments, data review, writing, mentoring, and presenting to managers and clients. I would typically have 1-3 other projects occurring at any one time that I would run myself (see additional collaborations and projects).

Achievements

The purification and formulation of a subunit vaccine from the H1N1 influenza virus when it was of critical importance, and prominently in the news.

The biophysical characterization and formulation of a mAb in five months from no prior knowledge so the company could place the biomacromolecule of stability for phase I clinical trials.

Training several graduate students and seeing them graduate and get good jobs within the industry.

Languages (English, some German).

Very detailed and exceptional laboratory management skills of over 20 people including training personnel on instrumentation and policies, ordering laboratory consumables and instrumentation, supply monitoring, training lab members on the above equipment, and good laboratory practices; writing and editing SOPs, technical and non-technical reports for industrial clients, experimental protocols, and manuscripts. On five occasions led teams of 2-4 researchers, or more as a CMC lead, to complete large projects such as stability studies, method transfers, etc.

Memberships and Offices in Professional Organizations

Membership

1999 – 2009 American Chemical Society

2004 – 2008 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists

2002 – present Phi Lambda Upsilon Chemistry Honours Society (KSU)

2005 – 2008 Biophysical Society

2008 – present Reviewer, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

2013 – present Reviewer, Journal of Chemistry

Elected Offices

2002 – 2003 Treasurer of Phi Lambda Upsilon Chemistry Honours Society (KSU).

1998 – 1999 Chemistry Club Vice-President (UNO).

Awards Received

2019 Stellar Awards for Commitment to People, Open Culture for Safety Department Representative, Commitment to People for Participation to Wheaton College STEM activities.

Q2 2017 Quality Recognition Award at Momenta (M710 DP cGMP Manufacturing).

Q3 2017 Outstanding Performance Award at Momenta (Successful Tech Transfer of M710 to DP Manufacturing).

2013 Nominated for Alcon R&D Excellence of Innovation for High Concentration protein formulation.

2007 – 2009 GAANN, Structural Biology and Biophysics Fellowship.

2006 Travel Award to attend the 2006 AAPS Biotec Conference in Boston, MA.

2005 – 2007 The University of Nebraska Medical Center Graduate Studies Research Assistantship.

2005 Second Place Student Podium Presentation at the 2005 PSGP Research Forum.

2004 – 2005 The University of Nebraska Medical Center Graduate Studies Fellowship.

2003 – 2004 The University of Nebraska Medical Center Graduate Studies Teaching Assistantship.

Publications

Peer Reviewed Journals

•Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News article Sep 1, 2012 (Vol. 15, No. 32), “Expediting Early Preformulation Studies High-Throughput Characterization Systems and Empirical Phase Diagrams Can Speed Process”, C. Russell Middaugh, Ph.D. (data acquired and presented was from my work with the Optim1000 from Avacta Analytical).

•Olsen, C. M., Shikiya, R., Ganugula, R., Reiling-Steffensmeier, C., Khutsishvili, I., Johnson, S.E., and Marky, L.A.; “Application of differential scanning calorimetry to measure the differential binding of ions, water, and protons in the unfolding of DNA molecules.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Accepted 1 (October 2015).

•Lee HT, Waters L, Olsen CM, Khutsishvili I, Marky LA. “Probing the Temperature Unfolding of a Variety of DNA Secondary Structures Using the Fluorescence Properties of 2-aminopurine” Acta Chim. Slov. Sep 59(3), 443-53, (2012)

•Plieskatt, J.L., Rezende, W.C., Olsen, C.M., Trefethen, J.M., Joshi, S.B. Middaugh, C.R., Hotez, P.J., Bottazzi, M.E. “Advances in vaccines against neglected tropical diseases: Increasing the stability of a recombinant hookworm vaccine through biophysical and formulation studies” Hum Vaccin Immunother. Jun 1;8(6), (2012).

•Maddux, N.R., Rosen, I.T., Hu, L. Olsen, C.M., Volkin, D.B., Middaugh, C.R. “An Improved Methodology for Multidimensional High-Throughput Preformulation Characterization of Protein Conformational Stability.” J Pharm Sci. Jun;101(6), 2017-24 (2012). [TOP DOWNLOADED ARTICLES April –June 2012, J.Pharm. Sci.]

•Hu, L.; Olsen, C., Maddux, N.; Joshi, S.B.; Volkin, D.B.; Middaugh, C.R.; “Investigation of Protein Conformational Stability Employing a Multimodal Spectrometer.” Anal. Chem. Dec 15;83(24), 9399-9405 (2011).

•Khondee, S.; Olsen, C.M.; Zeng, Y.; Middaugh, C.R.; Berkland, C.; “Non-covalent PEGylation by polyanion complexation as a novel means to stabilize Keratinocyte Growth Factor-2 (KGF-2).” Biomacromolecules. 12(11), 3880-3894 (2011).

•Gmeiner, W.H., Salsbury Jr, F, Olsen, C.M., Marky, L.A., “The Stability of a Model Substrate for Topoisomerase 1-Mediated DNA Religation Depends on the Presence of Mismatched Base Pairs.” Journal of Nucleic Acids, Volume 2011, Article ID 631372, 1-8 (2011).

•Lee, H.T.; Carr, C.; Siebler, H.; Waters, L.; Khutsishvili, I.; Iseka, F.; Domack, B.; Olsen, C. M.; Marky, Luis A., “A Thermodynamic Approach for the Targeting of Nucleic Acid Structures Using Their Complementary Single Strands.” Meth.d Enzymol. 492 (Biothermodynamics, Part D), 1-26 (2011).

•Olsen, C. M.; Marky, L.A. “Energetic and Hydration Contributions of the Removal of Methyl Groups from Thymine to Form Uracil in G-quadruplexes.” J. Phys. Chem. B. 113; 9-11 (2009).

•Olsen, C. M.; Lee, H-T.; Marky, L.A. “Unfolding Thermodynamics of Intramolecular G-quadruplexes: Base Sequence Contributions of the Loops.” J. Phys. Chem. B. 113; 2587-2595 (2009).

•Lee, H-T.; Olsen, C. M.; Waters, L.; Sukup, H.; and Marky, L. A., “Thermodynamic Contributions of the Reactions of DNA Intramolecular Structures with Their Complementary Strands.” Biochimie 90; 1052-1063 (2008).

•Olsen, C. M.; Gmeiner, W. H.; Marky, L. A., “Interaction of Cd2+

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