Carl L. Crook

Highest level of education completed

Master of Science Degree-2020/08/07

Highest level of education completed

Bachelor of Science Degree-2016/12/10

U.S. Citizen

Yes

Candidate is eligible to work in the United States & Overseas

Yes

Veteran

Yes

Security Clearance

PUBLIC TRUST-Start Date: 2019/09/20-Active

CAN OBTAIN A HIGHER SECURITY CLEARANCE

Summary

Principal Aerospace Engineer who can provide on-site support for Department of Defense (DoD) customers. This includes analyzing aerospace product/equipment specifications and performance requirements to determine designs, which can be produced by existing manufacturing or via other facilities and methods. He also has extensive technical expertise that allows him to advise on the formulation and coordination of DoD policies, standards, and activities.

Some of his key responsibilities included the following:

Provided subject matter expertise to customers in technology development, sensor-specific subsystem development, and new concept development to government clients on space and propulsion systems.

Researched and validated candidate solutions proposed by contractors.

Interpreted client manufacturing needs and made recommendations in accordance with DoD systems engineering guidance.

Worked intimately with teams supporting research and analysis in microelectronics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, autonomy, energy and power, software engineering, networking, communication, cyber, electronic warfare, aerial/ground/naval platforms, biotechnology, and space systems.

Identified programmatic and technical risk of aerospace systems and provided actionable recommendations with the objective of assessing research programs and generating risk mitigation plans and strategies.

Worked intimately with teams supporting research and analysis in microelectronics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, autonomy, energy and power, software engineering, networking, communication, cyber, electronic warfare, aerial/ground/naval platforms, biotechnology, and space systems.

Provided technical insight to sensor development.

Made recommendations on component selection and packaging for low-SWAP (Space, Weight, and Power) systems, designed for stressing environments.

Researched state-of-the-art component technologies and sensor concepts/capabilities.

Evaluated concept designs and system integration strategies.

Authored system level requirements and coordinated proper decomposition to lower-level requirements.

Reviewed documents and procedures, requirements flow-down, verification methodologies, calibration plans, Concept of Operations (CONOPS), Interface Control Documents (ICDs) and test plans to ensure program success.

Reviewed programs for high-risk areas and recommended mitigation approaches.

Conducted modeling and simulation exercises as needed.

Collaborated with team members, development contractors, and customer forums.

Investigated innovative and emerging technologies to incorporate into analyses.

Refined and developed measures regarding effectiveness, improvements to system environments, and creation of new procedures to support all facets of testing and operations.

Conducted user outreach and researched new concept designs

Has experience with both commercial and military aircraft.

Familiarity with FAR-25, MIL requirements.

Experienced in avionics, electrical power, communications systems.

Worked with the following Boeing aircraft: KC-46A, KC-767, B-52, C32 (757), C40 (737), C-135, KC-135R/RC, 707 (E6, J Stars), 737, 757, 767, 747, E4-B, VC-25.

ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ENGINEER

Assignment Responsibilities

Reviewing supplier and partner qualification data.

Nuclear Hardening analysis and test.

EMI/C analysis and test.

EMSEC/TEMPEST analysis and test.

HIRF/Lightning analysis and test.

RF Co-Site analysis.

Antenna coupling analysis.

Electrical Power Quality and Load analysis.

Test Automation for aircraft modifications

Developed and validated requirements for various communication, sensor, electronic warfare and other electromagnetic systems and components.

Developed and validated electromagnetic requirements for electrical\electronic systems, mechanical systems, interconnects, and structures.

Developed architectures to integrate systems and components into higher level systems and platforms.

Performed trade studies, modeling, simulation, and other forms of analysis to predict component, interconnections, and system performance and optimized the design around established requirements.

Defined and conducted tests to validate performance of designs to requirements.

Managed appropriate aspects of supplier and partner performance to ensure compliance to requirements.

Provided support to products throughout their lifecycle by developing root-cause analysis of anomalies and other engineering support as requested.

Supported project management by providing work statement, budget, schedule, and other required inputs and by reporting project status.

Wrote appropriate sections of proposals to support development of new business.

Worked under minimal mentorship and staff to complete projects.

Environmental Control System Design, Environmental Systems,Structural, Elect/Elec/Electronics, Electro/Mech, Cockpit Design, Avionics, GSE/SSE, Airframe, Antenna Design, ATE/TPS, Aircraft Engines, Rotary Engines, Gas Turbine Controls, Jigs and Fixtures, Guidance Controls, Technical Writing, Liaison Engineer (MRB Stamp #815), Glass Cockpit Design, Tooling Design, Heads Up Display, EMP Hardening Design, ATE, Electronics, Electrical Load Analysis, Flight Controls, Communication System Design, Laser Targeting System, Modification Design, EM Factors, Wiring Harnesses, Diagrams and Schematics, Trade Study Control System Design, Mechanical System Design, Crew Station Design, Electronic Packaging, Propulsion Design, Fuels Systems Payloads, NASTRAN Materials Research, Weights and Balance, Hydraulics and Pneumatics, Stability and Control, Loads and Dynamics. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), Failure Modes and Effects analysis (FMEA), Common Cause Analysis (CCA), and Common Mode Analysis (CMA).

Subsystem Engineering Discipline

Aircraft Supported

Environmental Control Systems, Thermal Management Hydraulic Systems, Fuel Systems, Engine Installation, Landing Gear/Wheels/Brakes/ Steering, Fire and Overheat Protection Systems, Auxiliary Power Systems, Electrical Systems, Flight Controls, and Engine controls

F-106, F-101, F-102, F-100, F-84, F-8, F-104, B-58, B-52, F-16, C-130, C-17, C-5, E-3, E-4B, E-8C, KC-135, EF-111, VC-25A, 427 Bell Helicopter

Civil/Commercial Programs

Military Programs

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE.), Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 4761

Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems.

SAE ARP 4754: Certification Considerations for Highly Integrated or Complex Aircraft Systems.

RTCA DO-178B: Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification.

RTCA DO-254: Design Assurance Guidelines for Airborne Electronic Hardware.

Military-STD-882

MIL-HDBK-454A Guideline 1

MIL-STD-1472F (Human factors guidance- weight, touch temperatures, shock hazards, etc.).

Work Experience

SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION (S.A.I.C.), CONTRACTED TO THE F.A.A.

2019/09- 2020/01

Oklahoma City, OK

TITLE POSITION: Analyst Engineer

Implemented solutions to difficult problems, generated concepts as evidenced by product or process improvement, used engineering/scientific tools to integrate requirements and solve technical problems.

Utilized tools, techniques, processes and/or facilities such as state of- the-art simulation environments, laboratories, and test facilities.

Participated in engineering team activities in a specialized engineering or technology subject area.

Contributed to the technical planning process and provided technical guidance.

Provided subject matter expert support with one or more scripting-based analysis toolkits, such as Mathematica, MATLAB, Python, R, etc.

Provided analytical support conducting analysis on large data sets to identify patterns, trends, etc.

Provided expertise with data visualization practices and toolkits, to include Python/R plotting libraries or other visualization systems.

Supported technical and non-technical audiences with verbal and writing skills.

FLEET VIABILITY BOARD, MCR, LLC, DAYTON, OHIO

2010/10– 2011/09

TITLE POSITION: Manager of F-16 flight Systems Engineer

Working knowledge of legacy aircraft avionics systems, modern aircraft avionics systems, and emerging world-wide Communication, Navigation, Surveillance/ Sir Traffics Management (CNS/ATM) requirements, knowledge of systems engineering and Air Force engineering integrity programs.

Guided the analysis of unique problems and developed new and improved techniques and methods.

Led and aided in analyzing viability of environmental control systems and thermal management, hydraulic and fuel systems, engine installation, landing gear/ wheels/ brakes/ steering, fire and overheat protection systems, auxiliary power system, electrical systems, flight controls and engine controls.

Applied current OSS&E policy, guidance, procedures, and standards to all subsystems engineering activities.

Performed independent and sound technical analyses to identify and explain complex issues.

Provided sound and accurate assessments of weapon system mission capability and safety risk-level.

Ensured that findings, conclusions, and recommendations withstood scrutiny of AF FVB Senior Board and non-AF Senior Board Advisors.

Integrated findings with system-level engineering assessment.

Provided thorough and schedule-compliant technical subsystems assessments of weapon system.

Forecasted near-and long-term emerging capabilities, threats, and sustainability challenges.

Coordinated technical findings and conclusions with cross-functional assessment team and FVB leadership to form integrated position on weapon system viability.

Created reports as per document findings, supporting rationale (analyses), and recommendations.

Provided technical assistance and guidance to functional teams as required/requested and mentored less-experienced team members to help them succeed.

Supported the Director in crafting and delivering the final briefing to Air Force leadership.

Used MPE and AITF experience to guide and assisted in making changes to the software and interface control documentation.

Assisted with building mission data files for functional and formal software testing.

Worked closely with other engineering disciplines in an integrated team environment to develop procurement specifications and statements of work for a variety of complex systems.

Performed stakeholder needs analysis, technical measure definition, and requirements analysis, allocation, and definition

Used the structured requirements process to ensure requirements are clear, unambiguous verifiable and affordable.

Performed cost vs. requirements trade studies, cost driver analysis, and analysis of supplier cost proposals using parametric cost modeling techniques.

Assisted with various analyses to optimize total system of systems and/or system architecture.

Assisted with analyses for affordability, safety, reliability, maintainability, testability, human systems integration, survivability, vulnerability, susceptibility, system security, regulatory, certification, product assurance and other specialties quality factors into a preferred configuration to ensure mission success. The design documentation include interface specifications; hardware and software interface design/development support; analyses and collaboration to facilitate equipment selection, design, and arrangement; user group collaboration and working groups; compliance with specified sections of MIL-STD-1472G; collaboration across IPTs and coordination with the customer and user community.

Additional skills/experience:

oExperience with Military Aircraft Airworthiness documents.

oExperience with Military Aircraft Airworthiness regulations.

oExperience with MIL-HDBK-516 and implementing military airworthiness processes.

oExperience working with FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), the Boeing Safety Airworthiness (SAW), and EMAR 21 (European Military Airworthiness Requirements) processes.

oAirworthiness experience.

oExperience developing certification artifacts for international programs. (Certification Plans, Compliance Matrices, Summary Compliance documents, Means of Compliance requirements and statements, and Certification Basis).

oExperience writing and capturing International Airworthiness compliance requirements and documentation.

oExperience/knowledge with EMAR 21 for international programs.

HAWKER BEECHCRAFT WICHITA, KS.

2008/10 – 2009/04

TITLE POSITION: Wiring/Electrical/Instrumentation/E.C.S./Engineer

Completed an analysis of the Seat Heaters to be installed in the a/c.

Complied drafts, sketches, and engineered and designed the Seat Heater layouts. The second stage of this project included the mechanical drawings, detail drawings, assembly drawings, and installation drawings. This included two (2) panels under the floor on centerline of a/c, which accommodated a pair of environmental controllers, an inverter, five (5) MCC a/c outlet controllers, two (2) circuit breakers, IOC, and a CLC unit for lighting control. Also completed secondary structure analysis. CAD usage was Micro-CADAM. (Helix).

TTF COMPANY, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON

2008/05 - 2008/06

TITLE POSITION: Mechanical/Structures/Modification/Wiring Engineer

Worked on the lower lobe crew rest, (LLCR), for delta airlines. Also modified the crew rest structure on a Boeing 767.

Created, drafted wiring diagrams for the LLCR, which included specialized modification.

E.J.M. CO. INC. ANDALUSIA, AL.

2008/03 – 2008/04

TITLE POSITION: Mechanical/Structures/Secondary Structures/Wiring/Instrumentation Engineer

Created and complied system safety analysis for the retrofit of the C-130H for the Air Force.

ADAM AIRCRAFT CO. INC. DENVER, CO.

2008/08 - 2011/07

TITLE POSITION: Wiring/Flight Controls/Secondary Structures Engineer

Created and designed electrical harnesses for the A700 aircraft, specialized control design of electrical power.

Coordinated systems between engineering and mock-ups of all electrical and electronic systems and associated harnesses. This included Primary Flight Display (PFD), Multi-Function Display (MFD), Air Data Computer (ADC), and Attitude Heading Reference Systems (AHRS).

Initiated harness ECNs to revise and update existing designs.

Interfaced between electrical/avionics engineering production.

Provided production for system checks and troubleshooting/testing of avionics and electrical equipment of the aircraft.

Reinforced the tail section of the a/c to accommodate a platform for an electrical backup generator in case of an emergency or an engine failure.

AVION CONSULTING, LLC. HOUSTON, TX.

2001/07 – 2007/06

TITLE POSITION: Wiring Engineer

Made modifications of private aircraft, helicopter(s), including fuel system, electrical system, and hydraulic system.

Created instrumentation, block diagrams, electrical schematics, specifying required electrical parts and other documentation required to complete the installation.

FLIGHT STRUCTURES, INC. (SUBSIDIARY OF B/E AEROSPACE) MARYSVILLE, WA.

2005/09 - 2006/12

TITLE POSITION: Research Analyst Engineer

Worked in the research, analysis, planning, design, development, and testing of electrical systems, processes, and equipment.

Prepared engineering drawings and FAA documents

Provided technical assistance to installations, wrote acceptance test plans, and oversaw the systems checkout of the initial installation Conversion aircraft of an Airbus A300, which consisted of the airframe floor restructuring from a passenger configuration to a heavy shipment capacity.

Conversion aircraft of an Airbus A300.

WESTWIND CORPORATION HUNTSVILLE, AL.

2005/06 – 2005 /09

TITLE POSITION: Wiring Engineer

Performed detailed aircraft electrical installation and fabrication design of communications and navigation.

Handled mission avionics equipment.

Supported and tested for modifications on aircraft.

Prepared electrical loads analysis, electromagnetic compatibility test plans, acceptance test plans and related.

Conducted analysis required to obtain an Airworthiness Release.

AVION CONSULTING, L.L.C. HOUSTON, TX.

2001/07 – 2005 /06

TITLE POSITION: Modification Engineer

Applied modifications for private aircraft and business jets, including jigs and fixtures for testing, hydraulics and brake modification, motors, and servomechanisms, for flaps, spoilers, ailerons, and rudders.

Realigned fuselage supports for vacuum, hydraulic and pneumatic line routings through the fuselage, including a servo for flight controls.

Was responsible for initial concept through final testing, including material procurement and stress analysis through final reports to FAA.

MIDWEST EXPRESS AIRLINES MILWAUKEE, WI.

2001/03 – 2001/07

TITLE POSITION: Instrumentation Engineer

Was involved in modifications of avionics on DC-9 aircraft for commercial use.

Was involved in modification and updating, and analysis of test results of hydraulic systems per FAA requirements.

BOEING MILITARY AIRPLANE CO. WICHITA, KS.

1999/02 – 2001 /01

TITLE POSITION: Weapons/Avionics/Wiring/Instrumentation Engineer

Designed and provided installation of avionics packages on the E-4B for the United States Air Force and project to modify 747 for Germany’s Lufthansa including optimum placement and component selection.

Upgraded an existing commercial liner to an exclusive luxury personal jet for the Middle Eastern Royalty.

Converted a 747 into cargo plane for the Navy and converted a KC-135 fueling tanker to a cargo transport version.

Designed updates on VC-25 One including EMP and E3 upgrades. Also modified the aircraft decks to reinforce the flooring upper decks for communication equipment, and added two (2) flights of stairs, bedroom suites and galleys, entertainment systems as well as a conveyor system in the lower lobe to the ground.

Liaison worked on VC-25.

C-135 Speckle Trout Phase A Cockpit Enhancement. Designed the fuel system upgrade and interfaces for the Glass Cockpit Upgrade. Also established wire bundle lengths and routing.

Was wiring lead for Speckle Trout Phase B Cockpit Enhancement.

Designed the fuel system upgrade and interfaces for the Glass Cockpit Upgrade. Also established wire bundle lengths and routing.

At E-4B Shreveport, Louisiana, supported locations on an as needed basis and to help troubleshoot electrical problems.

At KC-135 Rewire, Wichita, red lined engineering drawings shipside and coordinated changes with engineering. Also supported locations across the US on mod programs, and on an as needed basis and to help troubleshoot electrical problems.

At the KC-767 International Tanker was involved in both engineering and design. Took care of wiring issues such as part changes, routing changes, EMI difficulties, grounding, bonding problems, miswiring, clamping issues, new harness installation, and complete harness replacement. Corrected design and root cause issues.

At the KC-767 International Tanker, formulated service bulletins and test procedures to ensure proper incorporation of wire changes, new wire harnesses and LRUs for delivered aircraft. Also established bonding and grounding requirements.

For KC-46A Tech Subcontract Management and Design collaborated with the vendor to establish an electrical interface design for wing and center-line drogue requirements. Also established wire impedance, gauge, and EMI routing codes, defined the discrete signals, 1553, 429 and Ethernet Bus airplane interface and created system wiring diagrams, a parts list as well as provided plug maps and signal characteristics for the ICD inputs.

BOEING PATUXENT RIVER, MD.

1998/06 – 1999/01

TITLE POSITION: Weapons Engineer

Created aircraft instrumentation block diagrams, electrical wiring schematics, specified required electrical parts and wires for procurement and all other documentation required to complete the instrumentation installation including EMP hardening.

At E-6 Wichita, Cecil Field, Patuxent River, red lined engineering drawings shipside and coordinated changes with engineering. Aided shop team with various levels of trouble shooting for identifying defective intermitted LRUs.

Acted as the E6 Program systems engineer for interface and installation for auto throttle, UHF communications, TCAS, enhanced ground proximity, and IFF.

Designed conceptual wiring diagrams.

Designed, documented, and released detailed wiring diagrams.

Determined Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) segregation routes as a function of signal type.

Defined distance segregation routes depending on the types of signal.

Involved in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) protection implementation.

Electrical integration.

Conducted wires/cables size calculation to satisfy aircraft environmental requirements.

Conducted wires/cables selection to satisfy signal type, current, voltage, EMC, and EMI aircraft requirements.

Proficient in selecting connectors and back shells.

Supported technical planning, system integration, verification and validation, and supportability and effectiveness analyses for total harness air vehicle design

Led the development of total harness modeling products to include harness 3-D modeling and space claims, overall air vehicle routing and integration concept, wire harness drawings and schematic creation and associated documentation of cable harnesses.

Ensured the logical and systematic conversion of customer or product requirements into total harness subsystem solutions that acknowledged technical, schedule, and cost constraints

ARINC ANNAPOLIS, MD

TITLE POSITION: System Safety Engineer

1997/03- 1998/05

Involved in modification and installation of GPS and associated avionics on the C9C aircraft for the US Air Force.

Wrote procedures for all testing, final reports after required testing along with all required reports for System Safety Engineering.

BELL HELICOPTER MONTREAL, CANADA

1996/08 - 1997/02

TITLE POSITION: Avionics/Wiring Controls Engineer

Engineered and designed new avionics control panel on the 427 Bell Helicopter, including removal of Master Caution Panel and majority of indicators

Installed and wired new Independent Instrument Display System (IIDS)

CRANE DEFENSE SYSTEMS CONROE, TX

1996/01- 1996/06

TITLE POSITION: Mechanical Engineer

Worked on design, testing, qualification, manufacturing and acceptance requirements for Helicopter Hangar Doors for installation on naval destroyers.

Engineered and designed all structural and mechanical assemblies, sub-assemblies, and components, including weight, balance and stress.

DYNCORP FORT WORTH, TX

1995/07 - 1996/01

TITLE POSITION: Flight Deck Controls Engineer

Responsible for all avionics and associated systems and subsystems integration and installation on a modification of the C-130 (H)N for the Air National Guard. Systems included were GPS (Global Positioning System), Airworthiness, GPWS (Ground Proximity Warning System), TCAS (Traffic and Alert Collision Avoidance System and NVIS (Night Visioning Imaging System). All phases were included from initial block diagrams and flow charts through final electrical load analysis.

Researched and wrote all required reports for certification.

PEMCO, BIRMINGHAM, AL

1995/05- 1995/06

TITLE POSITION: Flight Controls Engineer

Engineered and prepared a proposal for Integration, prototype installation test, and documentation of an integrated Compass Replacement System (CRS), Radar Replacement and Display Modernization System (RRDM),

Handled Multifunction Display (MFS System), and Global Positioning System/Flight Management System (GPS/FMS), referred to collectively as PACER CRAG for all series of -135 aircraft for the Air National Guard.

Wrote reports required for System Safety.

PATS, INC. COLUMBIA, MD

1995/01 - 1995/05

TITLE POSITION: Fuel Systems Engineer

Engineered, designed and drafted mechanical portions of auxiliary fuel tanks for the Fokker 70 and 100 aircraft from initial flat pattern through final installation.

Designed and developed all tooling required for installation and maintenance of tanks including drawings and all required documentation for both FAA and CAA (Europe).

Engineered and designed electrical drawings including block diagrams, schematics, incorporating airworthiness directives, harness assemblies and wiring diagrams, including logic commands and component selection

AMERICAN EURO-COPTER ARLINGTON, TX

1994/06- 1994/12

TITLE POSITION: Flight Controls Engineer

Engineered, designed, researched and drafted the following systems for the new M.A.N.T.A.

Reconnaissance helicopter for Israel:

oRadar Altimeter System, HF Communication System, VHF/UHF Communication System, ADF System, TACAN System, Radar system, VHF-1 and VHF-2 Communication Systems, Intercommunications System, NAV Switching and Indicating System, IFF System, Systems A through D, All LRU's, Integrated Avionics System and Emergency Locator System, along with associated antennas, Receiver/Transmitters, Component Mounts, equipment and associated structural housing, Power Supplies, Racks, Communication and Control System, Hoist Systems, Flight Controls, Environmental System, Automatic Flight Control System and Fuel Flow System.

Completed stress analyses for loads and dynamics for installed components.

Completed weights and balances of all components to be installed.

Wrote all reports required for certification.

GULFSTREAM AEROSPACE CORPORATION SAVANNAH, GA

1994/02 - 1994/06

TITLE POSITION: Wiring Engineer

Designed and drafted all wiring harness for new GULFSTREAM G-V Aircraft

Lockheed Fort Worth Company Fort Worth, TX

1993/03 - 1994/02

TITLE POSITION: Avionics/Electrical/Wiring Engineer

Directed, coordinated, and designed electrical harness for F-16 program.

Created wiring schematics and diagrams.

Initiated harness ECN's to revise and update existing designs.

Acted as a Coordinated Systems Engineer to coordinate between engineering and mock-up on all electrical and electronic systems and associated harness.

Updated drawings per engineering procedures.

Provided production for system checks and troubleshooting/testing of avionics and electrical equipment of the aircraft.

BENDIX FIELD ENGINEERING HOUSTON, TX

1991/12 - 1992/11

TITLE POSITION: Mechanical/Electrical Engineer

Engineering and design of simulators of Space Shuttle including SST (Single Systems Trainer), FFT (Full Fuselage Trainer) and MDF (Manipulator Developmental Facility) at the Johnson Space Center

Worked on mechanical, electrical and electro/mechanical structural aspects including console panels, flight controls, (new and modified), on the flight and mid deck of the shuttle

Updated hydraulics systems on the MDF (Manipulator Developmental Facility).

Was involved in the creation of part modules and generation of assemblies and detailed drawings.

Was involved in the layout, design and detailing of spacecraft power electronics equipment.

G.E. ASTRO-SPACE, N.J.

1989/03 - 1989/12

TITLE POSITION: Satellite Engineer

Engineered, designed, developed satellite systems for commercial and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and national security programs.

Evaluated customer/operational needs to define system performance, integrated technical parameters and compatibility of physical functions and program interfaces.

Performed analyses to optimize spacecraft architecture.

Performed trade studies to meet requirements.

Supported hardware, software, and development verification.

Supported resolution of technical issues and ensured spacecraft system management, customers, and suppliers to meet group company objectives.

Developed and revised Statements of Work and Supplier Statements of Work.

Led scaled agile framework implementation and execution.

Designed and engineered the GOES satellites, rocket elements and components per the following design criteria:

oAstronautics Engineering: for mission design and derivation of the design requirements

oSystems Engineering: for maintaining the design baseline and derivation of subsystem requirements.

oCommunications Engineering: for the design of the subsystems which communicate with the ground (e.g., Telemetry) and perform ranging.

oComputer Engineering: for the design of the on-board computers and computer buses. This subsystem is mainly based on terrestrial technologies, but unlike most of them, it must cope with the environment in space, be highly autonomous and provide higher fault-tolerance.

oSoftware Engineering: for the on-board software which runs all the on-board applications, as well as low-level control software. This subsystem is very similar to terrestrial real-time and embedded software designs.

oElectrical Engineering: for the design of the power subsystem which generates, stores, and distributes electrical power to all the on-board equipment.

oControl Theory: for the design of the Attitude and Orbit control subsystem, which points the spacecraft correctly, and maintains or changes the orbit according to the mission profile. The hardware used for actuation and sensing in space is usually very specific to spacecraft.

oThermal engineering: for the design of the Thermal Control subsystem (including radiators, insulation, and heaters), which maintain environmental conditions compatible with operations of the spacecraft equipment. This subsystem has

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