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Class: X
Subject: History
Chapter 2: FACTORS PROMOTING GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
Read the Notes given for better understanding of the chapter and answer the structured questions from the textbook.
Socio-religious reform movements
I. A. Raja Ram mohan roy – established Brahmo Samaj in 1828 BrahmoSamaj- attacked caste system, child marriage, polygamy and the practice of sati system 2. It believed in Monotheism or worship of one God. 3. It condemned idol worship and laid emphasis on prayer, meditation, charity and unity between all religion
4. Raja Ram Mohun Roy started a Bengalee weekly called the ‘Samvad Kaumudi’, and the Persian paper called ‘Mirat-ul-Akhabar’
5. Along with a few other eminent persons, Roy presented a Petition to the Supreme court for legal action to be taken against Press Regulation. B. JyotibaPhule
1. Gender Justice- He established a school for untouchables and started a private orphanage for widows. He also founded a number of school for Girls and the lower castes(Mahars and the Mangs)
2. Uplifting of lower Castes- His book ‘ Ghulamgiri’(slavery) focused on the Brahmin domination and the poverty, hardship and distress which the lower castes were then facing. 3. Satya Shodhak Samaj - Phule founded Satya Shodhak Samaj with the aim of securing social justice for the weaker section of society. The society endeavoured to mitigate distress and sufferings of dalits, women and the common people through this society. ii. Economic exploitation
1. Peasants sufferings
The government took away a large part of their produce in the form of land revenue and other taxes.
2. The Zamindari and Ryotwari system prevailed. Indian peasants sold their produce at cheap prices to satisfy greed of moneylenders, zamindars and government officials. This led to continuous increase in indebtedness of peasants.
3. The Working Class- The growth of modern industries led to the birth of new social class in India-the working class. They were exploited by the factory owners, who were generally Englishmen.
ii. Handicrafts stagnated
1. India became a source of raw materials for industries of Britain and a market for its finished goods.
2.Heavy duties imposed on goods imported into England from India. British goods forced upon India, since she was at the mercy of her foreign masters. 3. The policy of Free Trade was responsible for the destruction of crafts and trades Iii. Dissatisfied educated youths
1.The only employment available to educated Indians was government services in which competition was high and chances of promotion was bleak. 2.The educated youth was dissatisfied because better paid jobs kept them out of their reach. Iv. Repressive Colonial Policies
Lord Lytton introduced the Vernacular Press Act-Which forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might excite feelings of dissatisfaction against British government. 2. The Indian Arms Act – The Indian Arms Act made it a criminal offence for Indians to keep or bear arms without licence.
3. The maximum age limit for the Civil Service Examination reduced from 21 to 19 years. 4. The Grand Imperial Durbar was held, in which lakhs of rupees were spent but nothing was done for millions of people in South India affected by severe feminine. This added insult to injury.
v. Role of the press – It played an important role in carrying ideas of people. Some of the important newspaper and magazines were:
1. Raja Rammohan Roy (Samvad Kaumudi), Dadabhai Naoroji edited(RastGoftar) English dailies came into being such as ‘The Times of India’, ‘Pioneer’, ‘Statesman’,
“Tribune’, ‘Hindu’ and through Kesari and Mahratta, Tilak spread the gospel of freedom and natural rights.
2.It was through the press that the message of patriotism and the ideals of liberty, freedom, equality, home rule and independence spread among the people.
• The press carried on daily criticism of unjust policies of the British government of India and exposed the true nature of British rule.
• It made possible the exchange of views among different social groups from different parts of the country.
• It made Indians aware of what was happening in the world. THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
Precursors or Forerunners of Indian National Congress – i) East Indian Association - Founded by Dadabhai Naoroji (the Grand Old Man)
• It aimed at providing members of British Parliament information regarding India’s genuine grievances
• It recommended the abolition of cotton duties and petitioned the government to withdraw the Vernacular Press Act.
ii) The Indian Association – headed by Surendranath Banerjee
• It sought to unite Indians upon the basis of common political interest
• Promotion of friendly relations between Hindus and Muslims
• It agitated against Arms act and the Vernacular press act- convened the Indian National Conference
• Mass participation in public movements.
The Indian National Congress
i) Founded by Allan Octavian Hume ( A. O. Hume)
ii) First Session Bombay presided by W.C. Bonnerjea iii) Second Session Kolkatta presided by DadabhaiNaoroji iv) Third Session Madras presided by BadruddinTyabji Objectives of INC
i) To enable national workers from different parts of the country to personally know each other. ii) To end all racial, religious and provincial prejudices and promote feeling of National unity iii) Formulation of popular demands on Indian problems and presentation before government iv) To train and organize public opinion in the country v) To decide upon the political tasks or jobs to be undertaken during the ensuing year.
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