TABLE OF CONTENT

Topics

Page numbers

Police brutality and corruption

2

passive and active vulnerability

*-**

Action plan

4

Coping with stress. 5

History of crimimal justice. 6

Referencing. 7

Question one:

1.1 Police brutality is when members of the society's Civils rights are violated by the members of the police service, whereby they act with excessive force towards the memeber(s) of the society and unlawfully doing so; which is outside of their police role. There is some evidence, for instance in the essay about police brutality "Leon got into a fight with the suspect who broke in at the local business. The suspect suffered a serious blow to the head after Leon punched him,he fell and hit his head against the pavement. The suspect was later rushed to hospital and as a result of Leon’s behaviour". This is evident that Leon was prone to unlawful violence outside of the police role there might be a component of abuse of power included for example "police members may use their position in the police service to get what they want". he could've injured the suspect in order for him to 'talk' but those aren't the protocols followed in the police law. There has been inescapable proof of corrupt activities whereby the police are involved. Nye (1967: 416) defines police corruption: as Behavior that deviates from the formal duties of a public role (elective or appointive) because of private-regarding (personal, close family, private clique), wealth or status gains. Corruption is basically led by greed ; for example looking at Leons case, "he had also handpicked five new recruits who he had been training over the past few months to take over this operation so he could retire and still make some money while they continue on with what he had initially started". Even though he was going to retire he still wanted to make money illegally this shows Leon's greedy side. For this type of police behaviour it is evident what were his reasons for the causes of corruption . Firstly theres is no proper training meaning Leon, being the only experienced officer left in the department was he placed under a significant amount of stress at work, trying to manage everything and everyone to the best of his ability. With all the massive workload Leon was expected to take on additional shifts, to fully train and supervise all the new recruits, without any adjustment to his current salary this is the evident for the second reason due inadequate salaries. In his suicidal note He also explained that "the pressures of being a police officer and providing for a family became too much for him, and he had no choice but to try and make some additional money."after all the hard work he has had to manage on his owm this caused him to do all his illegal acts.

1.2.Passive vulnerability focuses on the victim's evident status as being exploitable as it is in the police officers context it is the police officers status that determines this type of vulnerability. Police status is mostly influenced by their public image looking at Leon's image to the public was perceived as a good one for instance in the eassy its written "He is respected and loved by many in and around the area. He is described as a loyal, professional and an upstanding officer of the law". This in turn leads to reduced vulnerability, their image invites respect, admiration.

Active vulnerability on the other hand, refers to a person's behaviour and its effect on the interaction with the offender The way the police speaks / interrogates the offender both in content and manner, and threaten with a weapon or violation can give the officer highly vulnerability inviting and escalating the conflict which can lead to physical injuries taking a look at Leon's case with the suspect who broke in the local business and how he handled the case whereby the outcome of the situation was bad.

2..

Strategies that are created based on assisting our police officers are strategies that are more likely to be consistent ecspecially when full work force is in motion. Which will result in effective results. Because working in the police force could bring about anxiety stress fear within an individual. In the case study Leon left a note to his wife Samantha, he explained that the pressures of being a police officer and providing for a family became too much for him, and he had no choice but to try and make some additional money. This is evidence of Failure to cope with the work pressure and the consequences of not receiving support system

Violanti (2001: 132:717-729).found that high levels of stress during police academic training leads to ineffective methods of coping with stress, of which alcohol consumption is one of the most common ; Leon is one of the police man suffering from this. In the eassy, we read that one of the new recruits also reported that they could smell alcohol on his breath. Secondly his wife had also found several bottles of over the counter and prescription medication in a box underneath his side of the bed this indicates how he was going through occupational stress, depression and so on these are the factors that largely contributed to Leon's dangerous alcohol abuse which led to more typical responses to trauma which result in PTSD which results in symptoms such as intense emotion, irritation and anger,in the workplace and outside of work; which is eviident in Leon's case "he had been very short tempered and irritable, at home and at work". He once also arrived at the scene he was visibly upset and irritated, and he did not live up to his reputation, that is, he did not approach the situation as calmly and professionally. Showing Leon's stressors led to his suicide. Stress coping programs if they are properly utilised like the above they will assist with stress and coping in police stations around the country ; the use of the active strategies will result to a greater job satisfaction in the workplace.

3.During the apartheid-era between political violence and criminal oropportunistic violence. Political and criminal violence were two sides of the samecoin with the state itself often being a significant source of criminal activity (Shaw,2002). This proves that the state was participating in criminal predation itself as well. When a state is corrupt in itself it's rare to find the criminal justice in good condition this is evident of an unfair criminal justice in the apartheid. Also we have to also realise that crime has also grown dramatically since the transition to democracy began in south Africa in 1990.

According to G.D. Breetzke(302) crime statistics were only available for minority white areas, where as crimes committed in the majority black areas were either left unreported, badlydocumented or generally ignored by the government. This statement actually proves that criminal justice during apartheid was not fair, and justice was not really in full motion,But things began to change and the transformation in 1994 brought about positivity to the people, people had higher expectations but the transformation brought with it even higher crime levels within South Africa. Samara(2003: 277-312) states that Africa From early on in the transition process, the newly-elected ANC government recognised the proclivity of crime and violence and pledged to take a social develop mentalist approach to their crime reduction policy. This is evident that the government recognized the crime state and decided to come up with solutions/prevention strategies to develop a new era of the police force to also better the public image of the police force to the public .

Referencing.

Breetzke, G.D. (2008). Geoanalysis of offenders in Tshwane: Towards an urban-ecological theoryof crime in South Africa. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Geography, Geoinfor matics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.Breetzke, G.D., & Horn, A.C. (2006). Crossing the racial di

Nye, J.S. 1967. ‘Corruption and economic development: A cost-benefit analysis.’ American Political Science Review 61(2): 417 – 427

Samara, T.R. (2003). State security in transition: The war on crime in post-apartheid South Africa. Social Identities, 9(2), 277 -312

Shaw, M. (2002). Crime, police and public in transitional societies. Transformation, 49, 1 24.Simpson, G. (1993). Explaining endemic violence in South Africa. Weltfriedensdienst Quersbrief, 3, 10 15

Violanti JM, Marshall JR, Howe B (1985) Stress, coping, and alcohol use:Нe police connection. Journal of Police Science & Administration 13:(717-729)

BOOKS:

Crime, Poverty and Police Corruption in Developing Countries Jens Chr. Andvig Odd-Helge Fjeldstad

Journal's:

Journal of Alcoholism & Drug Dependence .Sources, Consequences and Methods of Coping with Stress in Police Officer Pastwa-Wojciechowska B* and Piotrowski A Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Poland

Police Brutality in South Africa by David Bruce

Newspaper:

Corruption and the South African Police Service a review and its implications Andrew Faull

Website reference :

https://www.google.com/search?q=Roelofse%2C+C.+(2018).+Corruption+and+anti-corruption+practices.com

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239800430_Understanding_the_magnitude_and_extent_of_crime_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa

How to decrease the levels of vulnerability of the

Police officers at the Bayswater police station

Strategy

Vicious victimisation regularly prompts an appalling death toll and injury, and the loss due to victimisation is endless. In order to reduce the levels of vulnerability we need to kno the types of people we are dealing with:

~when it comes to victimisation that comes from active vulnerability we need to ensure there's proper procdures followed especially with new crews within the police force we need to instill high levels of confidence, rationally.

~the types of people selected from the passive vulnerability can be changed with good public image this in turn will successfully change the police image

Soulutions

~ victimisation that are from passive vulnerability need to have active campagins that will support them before and after the incident(s) take place"this in turn leads to reduced vulnerability " their image will invite respect, admiration from the public.

~ for our active vulnerability the police officers in order to reduce the vulnerabilty need to be well trained and their training should be reflected upon this needs evaluation from the police department this will determine if and when the individual is fit enough to deal with the public in order to prevent "unnecessary word-of-mouth comments and exaggeration and physical aggressions".

get the victimit

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