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This paper consists of 12 pages, instructions for completion of a mark reading sheet, plus 1 sheet for rough work on page 13.

After completing your answers, you must hand in the following:

(i) The mark reading sheet.

(ii) The examination paper. (All the pages must be handed in.) This examination paper consists of 50 items. Your mark will be converted by the computer to a percentage.

ENSURE THAT YOU HAVE WRITTEN YOUR STUDENT NUMBER, COURSE CODE AND UNIQUE NUMBER ON THE MARK READING SHEET.

Please complete the attendance register on the back page, tear off and hand to the invigilator. CONFIDENTIAL

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INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETION OF A MARK READING SHEET Answer the following multiple choice questions on the mark reading sheet. Read the instructions for completing the mark reading sheet before answering the questions. Please make sure that you have indicated the correct UNIQUE PAPER NUMBER on your mark reading sheet.

Use only a SOFT PENCIL to answer the questions.

Questions 1 to 10 are based on human nervous system. Question 1

The peripheral nervous system is made up of . . .

1. the somatic and autonomic nervous system

2. the brain and spinal cord

3. the spinal cord and glands

4. organs and glands

Question 2

The somatic nervous system is made up of . . .

1. sensory nerves such as the optic nerve

2. the motor nerves, such as the oculomotor nerve for movement of the eyeball 3. the sensory and motor components

4. all of the above

Question 3

What function do the occipital lobes serve?

1. They receive input about sensations and information from muscles and joints 2. They are the primary visual area of the brain, where visual stimuli are interpreted 3. They regulate complex mental activities and behaviours 4. They allow auditory information to be registered and interpreted Question 4

Sipho is listening to a lecturer in class. Which part of the brain is Sipho most likely using to understand the language that the lecturer is using?

1. The midbrain

2. The parietal lobes

3. The hindbrain

4. The temporal lobes

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Question 5

The hindbrain consists of three main structures. Which one of the following options is not part of its structure?

1. Pons

2. Cerebellum

3. Basal ganglia

4. Medulla oblongata

Question 6

The gaps that separate the myelin sheaths in a neuron are called . . . 1. axon Hillocks

2. nodes of Ranvier

3. boutons

4. dendrites

Question 7

Impulse conduction has a number of characteristics. Which of the following is incorrect about impulse conduction?

1. An impulse is conducted in one direction only

2. The impulse conduction process happens simultaneously everywhere along the axon 3. When a neuron finishes conducting an impulse it enters a refractory period 4. In a myelinated sheath, an impulse moves rapidly along the axon Question 8

Before and impulse can fire, the neuron must be in a state of readiness. This state of readiness is referred to as the . . .

1. post-synaptic potential synapse

2. action potential

3. generator potential

4. resting membrane potential

Question 9

Which of the following options is not a function of the hypothalamus? 1. The regulation of motor activity

2. The regulation of emotions

3. The regulation of sleep and wakefulness

4. The regulation of water intake

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Question 10

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for speeding up metabolism and releasing glucose in the bloodstream?

1. Adrenalin

2. Dopamine

3. Serotonin

4. Gamma-amminobutyric acid

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the states of consciousness. Question 11

The . . . brain waves mostly characterise the wakefulness and relaxed state of mind. 1. alpha

2. beta

3. delta

4. theta

Question 12

Which sleep phase is characterised by low muscle tone and inability to move? 1. Phase 1 sleep

2. Phase 2 sleep

3. Phase 3 sleep

4. D-sleep

Question 13

The term ‘narcolepsy’ is associated with . . .

1. breathing difficulties during sleep

2. inability to sleep

3. an overwhelming need to sleep

4. sleep paralysis that occurs just before falling asleep or waking up in the morning Question 14

A generally accepted definition of consciousness is . . . 1. a lack of consciousness during sleep

2. phase one sleep where one experiences drowsiness or light sleep 3. an awareness of all sensations, thoughts and feeling at a particular time 4. a situation where people’s behaviours are involuntary CONFIDENTIAL

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Question 15

Alcohol is a . . . and works by . . . in the body. 1. stimulant; mimicking other drugs

2. depressant; facilitating the effects of GABA

3. depressant; increasing the release of dopamine

4. stimulant; decreasing the action of inhibitory neurons Questions 16 to 20 are based on cognition.

Question 16

When John could not open the door, he decided to try only the keys that could possibly open the door. What kind of strategy did John use?

1. Heuristic strategy

2. Trail-and-error strategy

3. Insight strategy

4. Inductive reasoning strategy

Question 17

The first step in the problem-solving process is . . . 1. identifying and defining the problem

2. applying the trial and error method

3. exploring possible solutions

4. applying heuristic strategies

Question 18

Which of the following statements are correct about problem-solving? A. Problem-solving requires two phases to successfully solve a problem B. Each potential solution to a problem may give rise to other problems C. Problem-solving is a process with distinct steps and various strategies D. Problems are universal and it does not matter how the problem is defined 1. A, B, and D

2. B, C, and D

3. A, B, and C

4. A, B, C, and D

Question 19

Which of the following is not one of the steps to improve critical reasoning ability? 1. Keep an open mind

2. Avoid over-generalisations

3. Use informal knowledge

4. Use close-ended questions

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Question 20

Which of the following refers to the statement that infers a conclusion? 1. An argument

2. A supporting point

3. A premise

4. A fact

Questions 21 to 25 are based on sensation and perception. Question 21

Which system provides information about the movement immediately outside the skin, relating to touch, pressure, and heat?

1. Somaesthetic system

2. Chemical system

3. Auditory system

4. Proprioceptive system

Question 22

The system that provides people with information about their movements and orientation in space is called the . . . system

1. chemical

2. visual

3. proprioceptive

4. somaesthetic

Question 23

Sensory systems provide us with the necessary information for survival and adaptation. Which of the following statements best describes the auditory system? 1. Kinaesthetic information comes from the muscles, tendons, and joints. 2. The auditory system provides information about the environment immediately outside the skin, which is related to touch, pressure, heat and cold.

3. The auditory system allows us to experience taste and smell. 4. Sound waves are received by the auditory receptors in the ear and are encoded before being sent along the auditory pathway in the brain.

Question 24

The term . . . refers to the fact that people see things as having a particular size, shape, colour, and brightness irrespective of the conditions in which these things are encountered. 1. recognition

2. spatial organisation

3. perceptual constancy

4. illusion

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Question 25

When you are talking to someone at a party, you are able to focus on the voice of that person and screen out the surrounding noise. This is an example of which law of perceptual organisation? 1. Closure

2. Figure and ground

3. Proximity

4. Grouping

Questions 26 to 30 are based on learning.

Question 26

The process whereby a person can detect differences among similar stimuli is known as . . . 1. spontaneous recovery

2. stimulus discrimination

3. stimulus generalisation

4. higher-order conditioning

Question 27

What term refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to reappear after being extinguished without further conditioning?

1. Spontaneous recovery

2. Stimulus discrimination

3. Stimulus generalisation

4. Higher-order conditioning

Question 28

Observational learning means that people learn . . . 1. through understanding, knowing and making use of mental processes 2. by watching and imitating the behaviours of others 3. through interacting with other people in our social environments 4. by operating on the environments and receive some rewards Question 29

Which of the following occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event? 1. Positive reinforcement

2. Generalisation

3. Negative reinforcement

4. Extinction

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Question 30

In operant conditioning terms, reinforcement refers to . . . 1. the tendency to respond to similar but not identical stimuli 2. the unpleasant consequences of a response

3. the process that occurs when a pleasant or desirable reinforcer follows a response 4. the reappearance of a response which seems to have been extinguished Questions 31 to 34 are based on memory.

Question 31

The . . . monitors and regulates the information needed for reasoning and problem-solving. 1. visuospatial sketchpad

2. executive control system

3. long-term knowledge store

4. phonological loop

Question 32

Which memory system helps people to cope with new situations and to solve problems? 1. Long term memory

2. Working memory

3. Episodic memory

4. Non-declarative memory

Question 33

Which component of the working memory is used to recall someone’s cellphone number? 1. Long-Term memory

2. Phonological loop

3. Executive control system

4. Visuospatial sketchpad

Question 34

You stand up to open the door and your prescribed book falls down. After picking up the prescribed book, you do not remember what you were going to do before the prescribed book fell. The reason that you have forgotten what you were going to do is due to . . . 1. ineffective selection

2. interference

3. lack of rehearsal

4. poor organisation

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Questions 35 to 38 are based on intelligence.

Question 35

What are the two important characteristics of a psychological test? 1. Reliability and mental age

2. Validity and reliability

3. Intelligence and validity

4. Creativity and intelligence

Question 36

The highest positive correlation between IQ scores is between . . . 1. identical twins that are raised in different environments 2. fraternal twins that are raised in similar environments 3. identical twins that are raised in similar environments 4. fraternal twins that are raised in different environments Question 37

Mahlori is 10 years old. She can successfully perform all the tasks designed for 11-year-old children, and half of the tasks designed for 12-year-old children. Therefore, Mahlori’s mental age is . . . 1. 10 years

2. 11 years

3. 10 years 6 months

4. 11 years 6 months

Question 38

Which of the following statements about intelligence is incorrect? 1. Intelligence refers to the ability to adapt successfully to the demands of life 2. Intelligence can be measured objectively

3. What is regarded as intelligent behaviour varies from one context to another 4. The concept of intelligence includes speed on task performance Questions 39 to 43 are based on personality.

Question 39

The . . . approach to personality development postulates that behaviour is largely determined by wishes, desires, and feelings that people are unaware of.

1. traits

2. humanistic

3. psychoanalytic

4. behaviouristic

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Question 40

According to . . . approach to personality development, rewards and punishments shape the personality of an individual.

1. humanistic

2. behavioristic

3. biological

4. psychoanalytic

Question 41

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of a “hardy personality” 1. A sense of personal commitment

2. A sense of control in various situations

3. Perception of life as a series of challenges

4. Highly competitive and achievement-oriented

Question 42

The . . . personality is at high risk for developing coronary heart disease. 1. Type B

2. Type A

3. Hardy

4. narcissistic

Question 43

Mikateko completed a psychological test and the results indicated that she is an introvert. Introversion describes her . . .

1. temperament

2. personality type

3. character

4. self-concept

Questions 44 to 50 are based on emotions.

Question 44

Emotions are usually expressed through actions of the autonomic nervous system whereby people fight or flight to protect themselves. This is a . . . component of emotions. 1. behavioural

2. cognitive-perceptual

3. psychological

4. physiological

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Question 45

Which of the following is not one of the criteria for identifying primary emotions? 1. Primary emotions must be evident in all cultures 2. Primary emotions must be evident only in human beings 3. Primary emotions must contribute to the survival of the species 4. Primary emotions must be associated with a distinct facial expression Question 46

Mary was in a meeting where the CEO of the company tripped and fell. Most of her colleagues thought that it was funny but they did not laugh. This is an example of . . . 1. cultural differences

2. emotion

3. display rules

4. gender differences

Question 47

According to the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion, what is the correct sequence of events in the experience of emotion?

1. Stimulation - arousal - cognitive appraisal - emotion 2. Stimulation - arousal - appraisal - emotion - behaviour 3. Stimulation - arousal - differentiation of emotion - appraisal 4. Stimulation - primary appraisal - differentiation of emotion - bodily arousal Question 48

Emotions are uniquely experienced by individuals and each individual can interpret the same situation differently. This is an example of a . . . of emotions. 1. behavioural component

2. cognitive-perceptual component

3. physiological component

4. psychological component

Question 49

Which of the following statements describes Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion? 1. Cognitive control of the quality and intensity of feelings is possible 2. Emotions occur when we apply a particular label to general physical arousal 3. Cognitive processes and physiological arousal are not equally important in interpreting emotions 4. An emotion is interpreted based on the meaning given to it CONFIDENTIAL

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Question 50

You are jogging at night and you see a car driving slowly behind you. You start sweating and your heart rate and breathing increase. Which nervous system is associated with your reaction? 1. Parasympathetic nervous system

2. Sympathetic nervous system

3. Somatic nervous system

4. Central nervous system

TOTAL: [50]

DID YOU WRITE YOUR STUDENT NUMBER, COURSE CODE AND UNIQUE NUMBER ON THE MARK READING SHEET?

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UNISA 2020

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