Muhammad Azeem

***/** ********, **********

Front side qamar garden back side AA plaza

Shiekhpura Road Faisalabad Pakistan,

Mob #030*-*******

Date of Birth: 12th May 1989

Father Name: Wali Muhammad.

Nationality: Pakistani

N.I.C #: 33100-9417988-1

ACADEMIC RECORD

2004 - 2005 Secondary school certificate (SSC)

Faisalabad Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education.

2005-2007 Higher Secondary school certificate ( HSSC )

AIOU Islamabad.

2007-2008 Diploma in AIT & R H Management of Dairy Animals.

University of Agriculture Faisalabad.

2012-2014 B.A

AIOU Islamabad

2015-2016 Diploma in Dispenser Class

Punjab medical facility Lahore

DVEM

sri lanka open university

2015-2016 F & B Caption Cothm college Faisalabad.

2016 Diploma in textile designer

2016 Basic life sport operational course

1122 Faisalabad.

To Do Work As:

6 Year Work experience of S .S .L. F

Distract Livestock shiekhupura.

2 year work experience in farmland Medicine Company

As a sale promotion officer.

Computer

Software Skills :

Adobe Flash

Adobe Photoshop

Adobe Illustrator

CAD (Print, Dobby and Carpet)

Knowledge

Cattle Breeds

Indigenous dairy breeds of cattle

1. Gir

This breed is otherwise known as Desan, Gujarati, Kathiawari, Sorthi, and Surati.

Originated in Gir forests of South Kathiawar in Gujarat.

Basic colours of skin are white with dark red or chocolate-brown patches or sometimes black or purely red.

Horns are peculiarly curved, giving a ‘half moon’ appearance.

Milk yield ranges from 1200-1800 kgs.

Age at first calving 45-54 months and inter calving period from 515 to 600 days.

2. Red Sindhi

This breed is otherwise called as Red Karachi and Sindhi.

This breed mostly found in Karachi and Hyderabad district of Pakistan.

Colour is red with shades varying from dark red to light, strips of white.

Milk yield ranges from 1100-2600 kgs.

Widely used in crossbreeding programmes.

Age at first calving 39-50 months and inter calving period from 425-540 days.

3. Sahiwal

Originated in Montgomery district in present Pakistan.

This breed otherwise known as Lola (loose skin), Lambi Bar, Montgomery, Multani, Teli.

The colour is reddish dun or pale red, sometimes flashed with white patches.

The average milk yield of this breed is between 2,725 and 3,175 kgs in lactation period of 300 days

4. Deoni

This breed otherwise known as Dongerpati, Dongari, Wannera, Waghyd, Balankya, Shevera.

Originated in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state and adjoining part of Karnataka and western Andhra Pradesh states.

Body colour is usually spotted black and white.

Age at first calving ranges from 894 to 1540 days with an average of 1391 days.

Milk yield ranges from 636 to 1230 kgs with an average of 940 days.

Caving interval averages 447 days.

Exotic dairy breeds of cattle

1. Jersey

It is the smallest of the dairy types of cattle developed on island of Jersey, U.K.

In India this breed has acclimatized well and is widely used in cross breeding with indigenous cows.

The typical colour of Jersey cattle is reddish fawn.

Dished fore head and compact and angular body.

These are economical producers of milk with 5.3% fat and 15% SNF.

2. Holstein Friesian

This breed was developed in the northern parts of Netherlands, especially in the province of Friesland.

They are ruggedly built and they possess large udder.

They are the largest dairy breed and mature cows weigh as much as 700kg.

They have typical marking of black and white that make them easily distinguishable.

The average production of cow is 6000 to 7000 kgs per lactation. However, the fat content in their milk is rather low (3.45 per cent).

3. Brown Swiss

The mountainous region of Switzerland is the place of origin of Brown Swiss breed.

It is famous in its home tract for its rugged nature and good milk production.

The Karan Swiss is the excellent crossbred cattle obtained by crossing this breed with recognized Indian breeds of cattle.

4. Red Dane

The typical body colour of this Danish breed is red, reddish brown or even dark brown.

It is also a heavy breed; mature males weighing up to 950 kgs and mature female weigh 600 kgs.

The lactation yield of Red Dane cattle varies from 3000 to 4000 kgs with a fat content of 4 per cent and above.

5. Ayrshire

Origin Ayrshire in Scotland is considered as most beautiful dairy breed. These are very active animals but hard to manage.

They do not produce as much milk or butter fat (only 4%) as some of the other dairy breeds.

The breed was also known as Dunlop cattle or Cunningham cattle.

6. Guernsey

Originated from Small island of Guernsey (France).

The milk has a golden colour due to an exceptionally high content of beta carotene which may help to reduce the risks of certain cancers.

The milk also has a high butterfat content of 5% and a high protein content of 3.7%.

Guernsey cows produce around 6000 litres per cow per annum.

The Guernsey cow has many notable advantages for the dairy farmer over other breeds includes high efficiency of milk production, low incidence of calving difficulty and longevity.

Buffalo breeds

. Murrah

It is the most important breed of buffaloes whose home is Rohtak, Hisar and Jind of Haryana, Nabha and Patiala districts of Punjab and southern parts of Delhi state.

This is otherwise called as Delhi, Kundi and Kali.

The colour is usually jet black with white markings on tail and face and extremities sometimes found.

The tightly curved horn is an important character of this breed.

The buffalo cows of this breed are one of the most efficient milk and butter fat producers in India.

Butter fat content is 7%. Average lactation yield is varying from 1500-2500 kgs and the average milk yield is 6.8 kgs /day.

It is also used for the grading up of inferior local buffaloes.

2. Surti

The breeding tract of this breed is Kaira and Baroda district of Gujarat.

Coat colour varies from rusty brown to silver-grey. Skin is black or brown.

The horns are sickle shaped, moderately long and flat.

The peculiarity of the breed is two white collars, one round the jaw and the other at the brisket.

The milk yield ranges from 900 to 1300 kgs.

The peculiarity of this breed is very high fat percentage in milk (8-12per cent).

3. Jaffrabadi

The breeding tract of this breed is Gir forests, Kutch and Jamnagar districts of Gujarat.

The horns are heavy, inclined to droop at each side of the neck and then turning up at point (drooping horns).

The average milk yield is 100 to 1200 kgs.

The bullocks are heavy and used for ploughing and carting.

These animals are mostly maintained by traditional breeders called Maldharis, who are nomads.

4. Bhadawari

Home tract of this breed is Agra and Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh and Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh.

The body is usually light or copper coloured is a peculiarity of this breed. Eye lids are generally copper or light brown colour.

Two white lines ‘Chevron’ are present at the lower side of the neck similar to that of Surti buffaloes.

The average milk yield is 800 to 1000 kgs.

The bullocks are good draught animal with high heat tolerance.

The fat content varies from 6 to 12.5 per cent. This breed is an efficient converter of coarse feed into butterfat and is known for its high butter fat content.

5. Nili Ravi

This breed is found in Sutlej valley in Ferozpur district of Punjab and in the Sahiwal district of Pakistan. (Bred around Ravi river).

The peculiarity of the breed is the wall eyes.

The milk yield is 1500-1850 kgs per lactation.

The intercalving period is 500-550 days and age at first calving is 45-50 months.

6. Mehsana

Mehsana is a dairy breed of buffalo found in Mehsana town in Gujarat and adjoining Maharashtra state.

The breed is supposed to have been evolved out of crossbreeding between the Surti and the Murrah.

The milk yield is 1200-1500 kgs. The breed is supposed to have good persistency.

The intercalving period ranges between 450-550 days.

7. Nagpuri

The breeding tract of this breed is Nagpur, Akola and Amrawati districts of Maharashtra.

These are black coloured animal with white patches on face, legs and tail. This is also called as Elitchpuri or Barari.

The horns are long, flat and curved, bending backward on each side of the back. (Sward shaped horns).

The age at first calving is 45-50 months with an intercalving period of 450-550 days.

8. Toda

Toda breed of buffaloes is named after an ancient tribe, Toda of Nilgiris of south India.

The predominate coat colours are fawn and ash-grey.

These buffaloes are quite distinct from other breeds and are indigenous to Nilgiris hills.

Thick hair coat is found all over the body.

They are gregarious in nature.

Breeding management

Calving (Parturition)

Calving is a natural process which normally takes place without help. Close observation is required in case the cow has difficulties. Cows calving for the first time (heifers) tend to have more problems than older cows and therefore need more attention when calving.

The signs Of Calving

You will know that the cow is about to calve or give birth when you see:

The belly has increased in size, especially on the right flank.

The udder is filling up and the teats are stiffening.

The vulva becomes red and swollen with the presence of mucous and blood colored fluid.

The animal is restless

The water bag appears at the vulva.

Normal Calving

The water bag appears through the vulva.

The cow will strain more.

The head of the calf will appear and this breaks the bag.

You will then be able to see both of the calf's front feet.

It takes 4 - 6 hours for the calving to reach this stage.

In heifers, it might take longer.

Normal calving

As the chest comes through the vagina the calf starts to breathe.

It is better to leave the cow alone to give birth naturally.

However, if you want to help with the calving you can gently pull the calf by its feet.

If the navel cord is still attached to the cow you can cut it with a clean sharp knife or a pair of scissors, then put tincture of iodine or alcohol on the end of the navel cord.

Sometimes the back feet of the calf appear first. You will see that the back feet come out from the vulva with the soles of the feet showing uppermost. You should then look (or feel with your hands) for the tail and the hock joints.

Difficulties in calving

Leave the animal to give birth naturally. If difficulties occur, you may find:

Only the head of the calf has appeared.

The head and one foot has come out.

Two front feet showing but no head.

If this happens you should either ask the veterinarian to help.

Helping a cow having difficulties in Calving

You will need a bar of soap, hot water, a clean rope and clean vegetable oil such as olive or sunflower oil.

Wash the area around the vulva and wash your hands well.

Make sure that your fingernails are cut short and are thoroughly clean. Long nails can injure the animal.

If you have oil put some over your hand and arm, if not, soap your hand and insert it into the vagina to discover what is wrong.

You will need to recognize the difference between the front and back legs of the calf in the womb.

Touch the fetlock joint and then run your hand up the leg to the next joint. There will be a knee joint on the front leg and a hock on the back leg.

Push the calf either to one side or back into the uterus so that you can correct the situation and move the head and legs into the right place for birth.

When the calf's head and legs are in the correct position tie a clean rope around both feet.

Pull gently on the rope. You may need someone to help you pull.

Sometimes the water bag will burst but neither the feet nor the head will have appeared. This is a very difficult position to sort out and if you can you should immediately ask your veterinarian for help.

Caring for the cow after Calving

Give the cow clean water to drink immediately after she has calved as she will be thirsty.

The water bag (afterbirth) will come out naturally but you can help to remove it by gently pulling it.

The afterbirth should have come away by 24 hours after the birth.

If the afterbirth remains in the uterus it will cause an infection and you will need to get your veterinarian to help.

Caring for the newborn calf

Always handle the calf carefully. Clean the mucous (sticky fluid) from the nose and mouth and check that the calf is breathing normally. If it is not breathing you must act immediately by:

Pump the chest with the palm of your hand.

Keep the calf's head lower than its back.

Insert a straw into its nose in an attempt to make it sneeze and start breathing

Allow the calf to suckle from its mother as soon as possible so that it takes in the colostrum, the yellowish milk which is produced immediately after birth. The colostrum is rich in protein and protects the calf against disease.

Some people use the colostrum for their food but it is essential to make the calf strong and healthy and should be left for the calf.

You must allow the calf to take colostrum for at least four days after its birth.

Care & Management of pregnant animal

1.Before Parturition

2.During Parturition

3.Care with regards to feeding

Even though the Parturition is a normal physiological process, it requires to take due care at all stages of Parturition by manager of the herd.

Before Parturition

Turning cow into a loose box : To isolate from other animals, animal of advance pregnancy must be separated into calving box which must be cleaned and properly disinfected, bedded with clean, soft & absorbent litter.

Guarding Against Milk Fever

In advanced pregnancy stage high yielding & first calves are susceptible to Milk fever.

To avoid it, provide enough minerals especially calcium by bone meal in daily diet.

Give large doses of Vitamin D about a week period to calving.

Avoid Milking : Prior to parturition this is likely to delay parturition by few hours.

Watch for parturition signs : Signs to know primary stage of parturition which are udder become large and distended, depressed or hollow appearance on either side of tail head, vulva enlarged in size, thick mucus discharge from vulva, and uneasiness of the animal.

During Parturition

Dilation Phase : Consists of the acts Let down & get ups, uneasiness due to labour pain, observe these acts from safe distance without making disturbances to animal.

Parturition period :

In normal case, period is of 2-3 hrs while in first calving 4-5 hrs or more. Observe from safe distance without disturbing.

Pregnant animals should be watched carefully, particularly during the last stages of pregnancy to avoid abortion due to fights or other physical trauma.

Special care should be taken regarding mineral and vitamin deficiencies because they can have a serious adverse effect on the new-borns calf. Feeding trace mineralized salt plus recommended amounts of calcium and phosphorus is usually sufficient to avoid these problems. Care must be taken that calcium and phosphorus should not be taken in excessive amounts.

During the last few weeks of pregnancy there is a tendency of prolapse of vagina which may be caused by constipation, mineral deficiency and debility. Balanced and laxative rations should be fed to maintain the normal tone of the reproductive tract.

Sometime udder edema occurs before calving. This can be avoided by moderate exercise for a half an hour, two to three times per day. Massaging the udder for a few minutes is also helpful. Use of diuretics and prepartum milking may be helpful in severe cases.

Isolate the pregnant animal 8-10 days before the expected date of calving and keep it in a clean well bedded, dry and disinfected maternity pen. The animal should be watched closely as calving time approaches at least every two to three hours.

A good calving environment reduces the exposure of cows and newborn calves to infectious disease. A clean and comfortable area that provides cows with good footing minimizes the potential for injuries. Calving areas should be landscaped to allow for adequate drainage. Shade structures are recommended.

Calves are usually born without assistance. Any abnormality in their presentation requires immediate attention by a competent person to correct the position of the calf so that it can be delivered. Strict sanitation must be observed during assistance.

After removal of calf, milk animal it will help in removal of placenta. Placenta is normally expelled within 2 to 6 hours after calving. If placenta fails to be expelled with 12 hours it is considered retained placenta. In case of retained placenta veterinarian should be called for its removal.

The animal should be closely watched for health problems after calving. In addition to observing feed intake and milk production, rectal temperature and ketone levels should be monitored daily. Animals having health problems should be identified and treated accordingly, whereas healthy animals can join the general population 3 to 4 days postpartum.

Watch for presentation of Calf: The phase of expulsion of foetus, observe the appearance of water bag & its gradual emergence, bursting of it and appearance of fore feet with hoof & mouth.

Normal presentation: Any deviation from normal presentation of calf occurs; the immediate help of veterinarian should be taken being care of Dystocia.

Care with regards to feeding

Types of feeds provided - milk laxative, palatable &c nutritious.

Suitable feeds - Wheat bran, oats, and linseed oil seeds.

DCP & TDN of ration must be 16-18% & 70% respectively.

40-60 gms. Sterilized bone meal & 40 gm common salt may be adder', to grains.

Succulent green, palatable fodders containing 50-60% legumes are suitable while amount concentrates should be increased gradually in three weeks.

During early stages of pregnancy, there is no need of special feeding for heifers. The system of feeding and management recommended for heifers before breeding may continue. During last three months of pregnancy when foetal growth is very rapid, a special pregnancy allowance of about 1-2 Kg of concentrate should be offered.

After normal birth, the dam is alert and willing to eat and drink within one or two hours of calving. Warm water and some wheat bran should be offered to dam after calving. It is necessary to encourage the dairy animals to rise and to move to the manger for feeding after calving, especially on the day of calving and the first 2 days after calving.

Reproductive characteristics of cattle and buffaloes

Cattle (Range)

Buffalo (Range)

1

Sexual season

Polyoestrus

Polyoestrus

2

Age at puberty (months)

15(10-24)

21(15-36)

3

Oestrus cycle length (Days)

21(14-29)

21 (18-22)

4

Oestrus signs duration (hrs

18(12-30)

21 (17-24)

5

Gestation length ( Days)

280 (278-293)

315 (305-330)

6

Age at first calving (months)

30 (24-36)

42 (36-56)

7

Calving intervals ( Months)

13 (12-14)

18 (15-21)

Signs of oestrus in cattle and buffaloes

1.Standing to be mounted by other cows

2.Attempt to mount other cows

3.Stringy mucous hanging from vulva

4.Mucus smeared on buttocks

5.Increased restlessness

6.Drop in milk yield

7.Reduced feed intake

8.Frequent Bellowing

9.Chin resting on cow’s rump by other cows, tail raising

10.Vulval oedema

11.Frequent urination

Best time for breeding of cattle and buffaloes

1.Animal body weight below 250 kgs - not suitable for breeding.

2.Animal body weight above 250 kgs - fit for breeding.

3.If oestrus signs observed in morning-breed the animal at evening.

4.If oestrus signs observed in evening- breed the animal at next day morning.

Importance of pregnancy diagnosis in cattle and buffaloes

1.Pregnancy diagnosis should be done after 45-60 days of breeding by qualified veterinary doctor.

2.This facilitates optimal feeding and care of pregnant animals in positive animals.

3.This provides clear way to breed the animal in next oestrus in negative animals.

Knowing the reproductive status of dairy animals

18 hours (an average of 12-30 hours) of oestrus signs—Normal

Less than 12 hours / absence of oestrus signs-abnormal (anoestrus)

Reasons

1.Failure to detect oestrus signs.

2.Suboestrus, weak or silent oestrus.

3.A low plane of nutrition- lack of energy and protein, deficiency of minerals namely P, Co, Fe, Cu, I, Mn and Vitamin A

4.Failure to recognize that an animal is pregnant.

5.Anoestrus due to uterine pathology such as pyometra, mummified foetus, foetal maceration, mucometra and hydrometra and

6.Insufficient hormonal stimuli.

Management

1.Unobserved oestrum may be due to managerial deficiencies and short period of oestrus.

2.The dairy animals should be observed for heat signs at least three times a day.

3.Wall charts, breeding wheels, herd monitors and individual cow records may be used for identify the oestrus.

4.Teaser bulls (vasectomized or by applying apron) are useful in identifying heat in large number of animals especially buffalo cows.

5.Provision of adequate lighting to improve oestrus detection.

6.Silent / weak / Suboestrus are most common in buffalo cows and common in post partum period. In this cyclical changes in the genital organs occurs but the signs of heat are not exhibited or not observed. This requires rectal examination by qualified veterinary doctor.

7.Extra feeding of a concentrate mixture or grains like maize, Cholam, kambu. Etc., and at least small amount of green fodder along with other roughages.

8.Mineral mixture should be properly supplemented

9.After breeding the animals should be checked for pregnancy within 45-60 days by qualified veterinary doctor.

10.Uterine pathology and hormonal stimuli should be handled by qualified veterinary doctor.

Animal always in oestrus signs / sexually aggressive-abnormal (Bullers)

Reasons

1.Development of single or multiple anovulatory follicles, on one or both ovaries.

2.Hereditary, high protein diet, postpartum uterine infection and high milk production may predispose this condition.

3.This animals also exhibit upward displacement of coccygeal vertebrae known as “ Sterility Hump”

4.In this condition prolonged period accept riding of another cow and frequent attempts to mount on other cows popularly known as “Bullers”.

Management

1.This condition needs rectal examination of ovaries by qualified veterinary doctor.

2.Prognosis is good in early cases and poor in long standing cases.

3.Consult with nearest qualified veterinary doctor

Oestrus cycle at 18-21 days interval- Normal

Oestrus cycle at less than 18 days interval- Abnormal (Short cycle)

Oestrus cycle at more than 21 days interval- Abnormal (Long cycle)

Animal conceived within three services- Normal

Animal not conceived for more than three services- Abnormal (Repeat breeders)

Reasons

1.Due to deficient luteinizing hormone release, delayed ovulation or failure of ovulation may leads to fertilization failure.

2.Defective ovum or ageing of ovum may leads to fertilization failure.

3.Inability of the sperm to fertilize a viable ovum.

4.Inability of gametes to reach one another.

5.The organisms Trichomonas fetus, Campylobacter fetus, Brucella abortus and IBR-IPV which may cause early embryonic death.

6.Deficiency of Selenium and Vitamin E may cause early embryonic death.

7.Long period of feeding estrogenic forages may affect the embryo survival.

8.Environmental stress during first week after breeding may lead to early embryonic death.

Management

1.Bring the animal into positive nutritive balance.

2.Mineral mixture supplementation should be done to breeding animals.

3.Do Artificial Insemination twice at each oestrus preferably at 12 or 24 hrs intervals.

4.Skipping of AI and intrauterine infusions may be considered for uterine pathology.

5.Diseased bulls should not be allowed for breeding.

6.By avoiding diseased breeding bulls the pathogenic organisms causing abortion may be controlled.

Source: Expert System for Cattle & Buffalo, Directorate of Extension Education, TANUVAS

Infertility in cattle – causes and treatment

Infertility in cattle accounts for major economic losses in dairy farming and dairy industry in India. Maintaining an infertile animal is an economic burden and in most countries such animals are driven to slaughterhouses.

In cattle, nearly 10-30 per cent of lactations may be affected by infertility and reproductive disorders. To attain good fertility or high calving rate both the male and female animals should be well fed and free from diseases.

Reasons for infertility

The causes of infertility are many and can be complex. Infertility or failure to conceive and give birth to a young one can be due to malnutrition, infections, congenital defects, management errors and ovulatory or hormonal imbalances in the female.

Sexual cycle

Both cows and buffaloes have the sexual cycle (oestrus) once in 18-21 days for 18-24 hours. But in buffaloes, the cycle is silent posing a big problem to the farmers. The farmers should closely monitor the animals 4-5 times from early morning to late night. Poor heat deduction can cause increased levels of infertility. Considerable skill is needed to deduct the animals in heat for visible signs. Farmers who maintain good records and spend more time watching the animals obtain better results.

Tips to avoid infertility

Breeding should be done during the oestrus period.

Animals that do not show oestrus or do not come to cycle should be checked and treated.

Deworming once in 6 months should be done for worm infestations to maintain the health status of the animals. A small investment in periodic deworming can bring greater gains in dairying.

Cattle should be fed with a well balanced diet with energy, protein, minerals and vitamin supplements. This helps in increased conception rate, healthy pregnancy, safe parturition, low incidence of infections and a healthy calf.

Care of young female calves with good nutrition helps them to attain puberty in time with an optimum body weight of 230-250 kgs, suitable for breeding and thereby better conception.

Feeding adequate quantity of green fodder during pregnancy will avoid blindness in newborn calves and retention of placenta (after birth).

In natural service, breeding history of the bull is very important to avoid congenital defects and infections.

Infections of the uterus can be largely avoided by having cows served and calved under hygienic conditions.

After 60-90 days of insemination, the animals should be checked for confirmed pregnancy by qualified veterinarians.

When conception occurs, the female enters a period of anestrus (not exhibiting regular oestrus cycles) during pregnancy. The gestation (pregnancy) period for cow is about 285 days and for buffaloes, 300 days.

Unwarranted stress and transportation should be avoided during the last stages of pregnancy.

The pregnant animal should be housed away from the general herd for better feeding management and parturition care.

Pregnant animals should be drained of their milk two months before delivery and given adequate nutrition and exercise. This helps in improving the health of the mother, delivery of a healthy calf with average birth weight, low incidence of diseases and early return of sexual cycle.

Breeding can be started within four months or 120 days after delivery to achieve the goal of one calf per year for economic and profitable dairy farming, according to them.

Importance of Artificial Insemination in Dairy Farming

Introduction

Good productions as well as good reproduction are two essential elements for making the dairy farming/business a profitable one. A number of new reproductive technologies have been implemented for enhancing reproductive performances of dairy animals. Artificial insemination is one of the most important reproductive technologies implemented by the dairy industry. Artificial Insemination (AI) is very useful in a country like India where the availability of quality males (sires) is inadequate and has become the major hurdle in the way of dairy animals’ development.

What is Artificial insemination (AI)

As the name suggests, Artificial insemination (AI) is a technique in which sperm is collected from the male/bulls, processed, stored and manually introduced into the female reproductive tract at appropriate time for the purpose of conception. AI has become one of the most imperative techniques for the genetic improvement of farm animals since preferably the semen from genetically superior sires/males are used to inseminate the female animals artificially. It has been most extensively used for breeding dairy cattle and buffaloes. AI is the tool that possesses the potential of economic and rapid diffusion of elite males to a large number of females in a short duration of time over a large geographical area.

Advantages of Artificial Insemination over Natural Service

Artificial insemination (AI) is one of the most efficient tools accessible to dairy farmers to improve productivity and profitability of dairy enterprise. In artificial insemination the bulls of superior quality can be efficiently exploited with the least concern for their location in faraway places. There are a lot of advantages of AI over natural services with bulls. They are as follows:

Boosts efficiency of bull usage: During natural mating, a bull will donate much more semen than is theoretically needed to make a pregnancy. On the other hand, collected semen can be diluted and extended to make hundreds of semen doses from a single ejaculate which can be easily carried one place to another, promoting multiple inseminations in females in different geographical locations and semen can be stored for long periods of time

Cost Effectiveness: No necessity of maintenance of breeding bulls. Hence, the expenditure on maintenance of breeding bull is saved.

Checks disease transmission: Natural mating allows the transmission of

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