Bassey Johnson Udofot (Material & Process (M&P) Engineer).

**** ****** ****, *********, **. 37923

E-mail: - acy9ye@r.postjobfree.com

Tele: 865-210- 0435 (C)

SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS:

Polished and professional Senior Metallurgical Engineer of Materials with vast knowledge in Metallurgy, Material Sciences, Heat Treating, Design, Thermoplastic polymer and powder Metallurgy injection Molding (MIM, Management, Technology Transfer Experts, Sensor and instrumentation development, R&D and Process Control. Industry experience includes Aerospace, Aeronautics, Medical Devices, Battery Fuel cell, Electronics, Steel and Aluminum Mills, Automotive, turbine Airfoils, Semiconductor, Nuclear Power and Propulsion. Strong problem solver and team player with the ability to produce - results.

EDUCATION:

University of Tennessee at Knoxville, TN, 2003-2006 - (PhD degree on hold) Metallurgical Engineering.

University of Birmingham at Edgbaston, Birmingham in United Kingdom Masters of Engineering in Metallurgical Engineering of Materials (Electrochemistry- coating), 2001

Colorado School of Mines at Golden, Colorado: Completed 1 year of Studies toward MS degree in Ceramic Engineering), 1991

Colorado State University (CSU) at Pueblo, Colorado / Bachelors Degree Metallurgy 1984

CORE COMPETENCIES

Process Improvement- coating/Electroplating, Welding/Brazing, passivation, anodizing

Management: Projects/Staff

Process Control

NDT Testing/Auditing:

Discovery & Design

Training & Development

Thermal/Electrochemical

Consulting

Heat Treating/ Sintering/ MIM

Quality Assurance

Hydro-metallurgy

Problem Resolution

Lazarus Applied Metal Sciences (LAMS). Inc., Knoxville, TN. 4/15/2015 – Present 2016.

Position and duties: Founder and General Manager- The Company provides consulting services to Automotive and Aerospace components manufacturers- on matters related to: Metallurgy, coatings, Battery electrodes development, Brazing, Heat Treating, Welding, Metal Stamping, casting, Forging, Powder metal formulation/sintering, Shot blasting, Passivation, Anodizing, injection molding of Plastics and powder metal composites, perform quality Audits and etc.

I have applied the above listed skills in re-engineering to dissolve any manufacturing disputes, noncompliance product discrepancies between vendors, manufacturers as well as for helping customers listed below to solve any complex engineering problems and or gain ISO/NADCAP accreditation requirements:-

(a)Paradigm Precision at 967 Parker Street, Manchester, Connecticut 06042

Position: Contract Engineeer: Provided technical training for Company to obtain NADCAP accreditation for NDT, Metallurgy of welding, Metallography, NM, CMSP (hole making and turning, chemical processing- plating, Heat Treating, and Vacuum furnace Pyrometry (Temperature uniformance (TUS, and System Accuracy Testing (SAT) compliance procedures.

Honeywell - Aerospace International (Brakes & Wheels), South Bend Indiana, 7/2014 – 3/2015.

Advanced Manufacturing Engineer III (AME III) - High Temperature Furnace Processes –

*Responsible in leading and supporting the Frictional Engineering Group in the Primary manufacturing technology processing functions including:- the carbon –carbon composites carbon fiber reinforcement formulation, mixing, pressing, resin transfer molding (RTM), stitched resin infusion (SRI), vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), controlled atmospheric pressure resin infusion (CAPRI) into dense carbon graphite disk shape Rotors and Stators, infiltration of the carbon disks/stators with Phenolic resin polymer binder, curing, process sintering the green compact discs at high temperature in induction furnace, chemical vapor deposition or infiltration of the carbon discs under ‘Methane carbon bearing protective atmospheres and then final Heat Treatments composites into lubricious graphite Carbon- carbon disk brakes, application of anti-oxidant coating, RTO compliance testing and assembled into anodized or passivized aluminum wheel frame. The finished quality compliance Carbon disk Rotors and Stators having interesting useful properties for Aircraft safe take off and Landing applications are shipped to customers. Anti-oxidation processing, automated oven and autoclave curing, assembly and integration, analysis, and repairs. Secondary processes include induction heat treating, Chemical Vapor deposition form vacuum furnaces, Final Heat treatment, trim and drill, CNC machining, component/final assembly and finish.

Remington Arms Company Inc, 2592 Highway 15 N, Lonoke, AR. 11 3/15/ 2013

Position: Third Party Product Quality Compliant Auditor (Site Consultant) on Gun manufacturing.

The consulting brief contract job was successfully completed in less than 1 month as schedule. The company manufactures firearms and ammunition products and it is one of the largest domestic producers of shotguns and rifles in the U.S. It also serves various military, government and law enforcement agencies.

Triumph thermal Systems, Forest- Ohio, 03/2013 - 11/2013

Position: Materials and Process Engineer responsible for guiding and directing a team of Engineers and designers developing solutions for customers and Suppliers.

Designed, and provided technical support in the manufacture of various kinds of Heat Exchanger Systems such as the : (1) Tube Bundled Heat Exchangers consisted of vacuum brazed cores fabricated from aluminum, stainless steel or inconel thin wall tubing then welded into either manifolds, complex housings or a “shell” (Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger) customized to meet the required envelop and inlet and outlet ports sizes and locations, (2) Vacuum brazed plate fin heat exchanger (made of Stainless Steel, Inconel, Aluminum and Nickel Fin) found in engine bleed air, electronic cooling, oil-to-fuel heat transfer and other Aerospace and Defense applications. (3) For high heat applications such as engine bleed air, fuel/oil coolers or main gearbox oil coolers, the plate fin Heat Exchanger was made up of either stainless or inconel vacuum brazed design. As for low temperature applications such as electronics cooling, all aluminum cladding, vacuum brazed plate Fin heat exchanger was manufactured.

Welding, brazing and Heat Treating of (Super alloys, Titanium, Aluminum cladding and brazing.

Leistritz, Advance Turbine Components (LLC), Rural Hall, NC, 3/9/2009 – 2/11/2012.

Position and duties: Chief Metallurgist, responsible in providing hands on supervision and technical direction in the design, manufacturing of power generation gas turbine/generator, its overhaul and repairs.

Performed Electroplating, metal forging and Heat Treating of components.

* Managed and led in the general Forging operations.

* Planed, directed, and coordinated Environmental Health and Safety Compliances in the work place as well as elements of product design, pre and post surface preparation through cleaning sub step.

* Championed and provided training in the product preparation, welding programs, design, machining, alloying, brazing, Heat Treatments, on the gas and Steam Turbine blades.

* Provided direct supervision of the forging shop, Quality testing of the turbine component assemblies, Machining, laboratory and made recommendation for improvements or reworks.

* Provided training and directed the vacuum furnace operations and repairs, metal-forging processes, Heat Treatment and property evaluation processes using metrology devices. The materials forged and stamped included aluminum and its alloys, stainless steel and chromium-, nickel-titanium alloys.

* Provided supervision support, and training on Heat Treatment Forging, precipitation hardening and in the use of GFM forging machine and 1,600ton horizontal press used in Forging on components heat treated in electrical, rotary hearth furnaces and then finish forged on 350 kilojoule or 630-counter blow hammers.

Provided technical direction, assuring that the position of the titanium components forged was corrected during a final solid heat treatment process to avoid stresses via a hydraulic press with dies that have been heated to the temperature of the component.

The power Generation Industry, Leistriz produces using precision forging (requiring no Isothermal forging) to produce aviation structural parts:- disks, compressor blade airfoils, Vanes of steel and Titanium, Udimet, chromium steels, Super alloys as well nickel and titanium alloys for gas and steam turbines.

Alcoa Power and Propulsion, White Hall, MI. MI 49461, 10/4/2012- 1/13/2013.

Alcoa Howmet, a division of Alcoa Power and Propulsion a world leader in the investment casting of super-alloys, aluminum and titanium primarily for jet aircraft and industrial gas turbine Engines. The Alcoa Power and Propulsion business unit in MI oversees the Alcoa Howmet Aerospace-Airfoils, IGT-Airfoils, and Structural Castings and Specialty Products business segments. Specializes in the manufacturing of Aerospace and Industrial Gas Turbine Components, Aerospace Components, investment Castings/Forgings Alloying, Coatings, Brazing, Heat Treating, Research and Development.

Position and responsibility: Process Owner (Lead Process Engineer), responsible in leading and performing High Temperature production of Aerospace Components by- Investment Castings/Alloying/Coatings, Research & Development processes.

Manufacturing from vacuum Furnaces, Heat Treating, brazing, test and Investment Casting of ferrous and non- ferrous materials.

Led in surface engineering processes, and supported Nickel, Titanium, Aluminum alloys Heat Treatments.

Provided Technical support to teams of Project turbine engineers and section project managers, technical directors, shop personnel and consulting turbine-generator Welding Engineers, QA, and Furnace maintenance personnel.

Formulated brazing slurry compound used in the brazing of nickel base supper alloy aircraft turbine components.

Used acrylic resin polymer (binder) polymerization process, heated to a monomer that would bind chemically to other molecules which included water based Ni-Cr powder mixtures, to produce paste (slurry) polymer composite applied as filler for brazing turbine airfoils.

Championed in polymer composites integration for the efforts to enhance the quality of cast and brazed components.

Ramtron International Corp, now Cypress Semiconductor, Colorado Springs, CO. 1/2009-7/2010

RAMTRON International Corporation is a semiconductor company that designs, develops and markets specialized on low power, data retaining non volatile semiconductor memory or F-RAM (ferroelectric random access memory) containing zirconate titanate, (Pd { Zr, Ti]02), known as PTZ and integrated semiconductor solutions. The Company was engaged in the integration of ferroelectric materials into semiconductor products. Position and responsibility:- As an Intern-Coating Engineer: at the time, I was the Quality Inspector and Operator of the vacuum furnaces involved in the deposition of thin films on silicon wafer by thermal Chemical Vacuum deposition (CVD) and Physical vapor deposition (PVD) including measurements, on the Silicon wafer substrate. * Collaborated with team in Performing Thin film deposition, diffusion process, deposition of silicon dioxide (SiO2) on Al2O3 wafer.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 8/2007 - 12/2008.

Position and Responsibility: Aerospace Engineer Group Leader (Technical Manager) – a Civil Servant, grade level GS13/14 in the Advanced Manufacturing Branch - Code 547.

Responsible in aspects of managing technical disciplines such as Research and development, technical services and process developments, managed and supervised the entire Electroplating and electro-less plating, passivation, Anodizing coating.

Developed and implemented strategic and tactical management issues,

* Was Team committee member involved in the Spacecraft Electrical Connector “Selection development and application Process”. In this project, I was charged to manage and supervise innovative process in the electro-less nickel electroplating of soft Gold alloy films on aluminum shell from a Non-cyanide Bath, to establish excellent Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding and other interesting useful properties as well as low impedance bonding contacts to hardware chassis wire or harness shields in Spacecraft electrical connector, for robotic or human Spacecraft Flight Exploratory Missions.

*Involved in the thin film coating development and testing of the charge and discharging of Secondary Rechargeable NiCad, Lithium battery and hydrogen Fuel Cell technologies for Flight missions in Space.

Selected to provide trouble shooting to NASA’s Energy & battery Power Division in code 20, with the responsibility of assisting in the development of Ni-Cad program to be replaced with Lithium ion secondary rechargeable batteries so as to reduce the heavier energy battery storage mass of the NiCad used. Left the Agency due to insufficient work caused by the Agency’s down sizing policy

GE Aircraft Transportation Engines, Norwich, NY 12/24/2004 – 6/4/2006

Position and responsibility: ISO/9100 Quality complaint ManagerCareer band level 6,

Directed the electroplating and brazing programs and compliance product Auditing functions.

Involved in the acquisition and Technology Transfer process for GE.

Supervised the coating and testing program, Heat treating, Welding, machining and brazing of airframe structures, turbine component assemblies, and testing to validate the quality of the manufactured Turbine blade airfoils, vanes, the exciter engines, actuators, compressors, diffusers, Rotor Hubs and Shafts.

Led in the high temperature hermetically Sealed Sensor development and glass metal fusion program.

Welding, brazing and Heat Treating of ( Super alloys, Titanium, and Aluminum

per AWS C3.7M/C3.7-2011, etc

Denso Automotive Maryville, and Tennessee 2/2001 – 10/31/ 2003

Position: Advanced Specialist coating Process Metallurgist

Responsible for leading in the (Sn) plating electro-less and electroplating of processes, Provided metallurgy technical support in the development, implementation of nickel, Zn and Tin (Sn) electroplating, passivation as well as chromium conversion coating on the automotive formed components.

Polishing, Buffing, Mass Finishing, Automated High Volume Assembly and coating from Vacuum furnace

Led and performed Heat Treatment, metal welding, metal casting (foundry), forging and hot stamping of materials (advanced high-strength steels and aluminum) previously cold formed and hydro-formed.

Provided technical support to quality assurance department, metal stamping and foundry Units.

Enforced, followed and implemented all ISO/TS 16949 and environmental management system guidelines and assured support on corrective action efforts.

Responsible for application of statistical methods to chart and graph data and provided trend analysis to management for decisions making activity

Involved in the APQP, PPAP, Scheduled and monitored process technician activity as well as mate with vendors and suppliers for new process activity,

Assured process technician activity was scheduled at 100% load and monitored projects to assurance maximum efficiency and successful tract record.

Used computer-aided design (CAD) packages to develop ideas and produce designs;

Decided on the most appropriate materials for component production;

Resolved engineering problems applying mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, Kinetic, thermodynamic or pneumatic principles;

Built prototypes of components and tested their performance, weaknesses and safety potentials;

Took into consideration changing customer needs and government emissions regulations when developed new designs and manufacturing procedures;

Prepared material, cost and timing estimates, reports and product specifications;

Supervised and inspected the installation and adjustment of mechanical coating systems in the plant;

Assessed, investigated mechanical failures and provided support on any unexpected maintenance issues;

Liaised with suppliers and handled supply chain management issues;

Managed projects, including budgets, production schedules, resources, staff and supervised quality control;

Colson Metal Caster Corporation, Jonesboro, Arkansas, 3/1998 – 1/2001

Chief Metallurgist

Manager: Responsible for brazing, Metal casting, alloy formulation metal joining, coating, projects management, Heat Treating, coating, Quality inspection, Lath and CNC Machining, Turning and milling, Grinding, Honing, lapping Machining, fixture design, Welding, Chemical Processing, NDT inspection, Thermal processing, vacuum Thermal Plasma Spray Coating, Plating, reviewing Employees work performances (smelting, melting meting and casting of aluminum, Cu and steel into ingot form for radio- active Shielding uses by the military.

Performed the duties of Quality Engineering Manager,- developed, managed, reviewed, updated and implemented quality procedures, inspection and testing plans, performance trends, statistical Plans, involved in testing equipment purchases/ proposals, cost estimates

Led in electroplating projects, metal forming- Stamping, Casting, and Electroplating (rack plating and barrel plating and passivation) of nickel and chromium conversion plating.

Served as subject matter expert on basic material hierarchy, selection, coating selection, surface preparation, and AWS and NACE guidelines and provided technical input for QA/QC- Lean initiatives, DOE, and 5-S activities.

The company relocated its entire Manufacturing operations to Quanzou China and Monterey, Mexico, which resulted in massive lay off of Employees in our Plant in Jonesboro- Arkansas- USA.

Eagle-Picher Technologies LLC, Colorado Springs, CO, 2/12/1995- 2/1998.

Sr. Battery -Electrodes designs Coating Engineer.

Led in the batteries Electrodes development, Designed, formulated and incorporated organic polymers (plasticizers and dispersants) polymethyle methacrylate monomer (PMMA), nickel -thermoplastic formulation often using pluronic polyol grade of polymer resins for the battery electrode coatings.

Performed sintered and manufactured the following Battery electrodes types for Aerospace and Military and electronic applications.

Provided needed expertise in R&D, polymer -metal composites, and effects of temperature in Battery Chemistry and Cell construction.

Types of Secondary Rechargeable Batteries Electrodes designed and produced are alkaline, Lithium Ion battery of 3.6V,) per cell, * Nickel–cadmium (Ni–Cad), * Nickel–hydrogen (Ni–H2), Nickel–metal hydride

(Ni–MH) 1.2 volts nominal, *Nickel–Zinc (Ni–Zn) and lead acid (2.0 volts nominal, employing nickel oxide electrodes as the positive plates.

Li-Fe-PO4, and Li-MnPO4 batteries have been explored for development. In the battery cell designs, cell capacities do vary but not the voltages.

Lazarus Applied Metal Sciences (LAMS)., Inc., 1135 Delray Road Knoxville, TN. 1/15/1992 – 1/5/1995.

Position and duties: Founder and General Manager- The Company provides consulting services to Automotive and Aerospace components manufacturers- on matters related to: Metallurgy, coatings, Battery electrodes development, Brazing, Heat Treating, Welding, Metal Stamping, casting, Forging, Powder metal formulation/sintering, Shot blasting, Passivation, Anodizing, injection molding of Plastics and powder metal composites, perform quality Audits and etc.

I have applied the above listed skills in re-engineering to dissolve any manufacturing disputes, noncompliance product discrepancies between vendors, manufacturers as well as for helping customers listed below to solve any complex engineering problems and or gain ISO/NADCAP accreditation requirements. Some of the companies successfully served as a consultant, etc on short contract basis are listed below:-

(a) Wall-Colmonoy–The Aero Braze Engineered Technologies Group, Cincinnati, OH.

Consulting/ contract Coating Engineer: Provided class room training to employees, direct support to the company on braze filler metal alloy formulations, supervised and directed projects related to Heat Treating, coating, inspection, Lath and CNC Machining, Turning and milling, Grinding, Honing, lapping Machining, fixture design, Welding, Chemical Processing, NDT inspection, Thermal processing, vacuum Thermal Plasma Spray Coating, Thermal Spray Engineering and brush plating directing.

(b ) Colorado Fe and Steel Mill, at Pueblo, Colorado.

Title and duties: Metallurgist and perform foundry (die casting) operations and QA inspection of the steels manufactured from the Foundry Mill prior to mass production and shipments.

(c) Alcoa Aluminum Casting Mill, at Alcoa Tennessee

Title and duties: Contract Metallurgist to reviewed on Aluminum casting procedures, support the aluminum die casting operations and performed Quality validation testing prior to the casting operation.

(d) Energy Solution, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Oak Ridge TN.

Title and duties: Program project Manager the die casting of Ti, Al, Steels (nuclear waste recycling for nuclear Shielding application, for the US Navy.

Reviewed the metal casting processes, VIM (Vacuum Induction Melting) operations for EMI/RF, magnetic nuclear shielding, and production of alloys such as ALNiCo: Titanium-Ni, aluminum-Au, rare earth metals, Nickel & Cobalt based super alloys.

(e) RAMTRON International, now Cypress Semiconductor, Colorado Springs, Colo.

RAMTRON International Corporation is a semiconductor company that designs, develops and markets specialized on low power, data retaining non volatile semiconductor memory or F-RAM (ferroelectric random access memory) containing zirconate titanate, (Pd { Zr, Ti]02), known as PTZ and integrated semiconductor solutions. Position and responsibility:- Contract to perform vacuum deposition of thin films on silicon wafer by means of Chemical Vapor deposition (CVD) from high vacuum, on Silicon wafer substrates. * Collaborated with team in Performing Thin film deposition, diffusion process, oxide deposition on silicon (SiO2) on Al2O3 wafer substrate, annealing, photolithography, patterning, metallization, Masking, anodizing, Etching, film characterization, and inspection for quality validation.

(f) GKN Powdered Sinter Metals, Conover, NC.

Title and Duty: Consultant: Powder Metallurgy Injection Molding(MIM) operation, for automotive applications.

Provided support in powder metallurgy injection Molding process (MIM),

Provided technical expertise in the powder Metallurgy Injection Molding (MIM) processes, requiring the mixing and blending of resins with the powder particles, paraffin wax materials with thermoplastic polymer binders, additive, thermal de-binding, pressed, furnace atmospheric presume set up and controlled, Sintering of the compacts, Heat Treatment/tooling design and quality inspection validation.

(g) National Forge Company, The advanced Materials Group, Colorado Springs, Colorado:

Consultant: Powder Metallurgy Forging: Heat Treating of ferrous and none ferrous metals (super alloys, Nickel, rare earth metals, Titanium, Aluminum and their alloys from vacuum for Aerospace and Medical device applications,

(h) Teledyne Continental Aircraft Engine company Inc., Mobile, Al

The Continental Aircraft Engine Company develops and produces its aircraft Engines. That is the component of the propulsion system for an aircraft that generates mechanical power. Aircraft engines are almost always either lightweight Pistons engines or gas turbines. As a subject matter expert in coating, I was hired to resolve an existed problem in the coating of the Aircraft Piston engines WITH FE-Mn Phosphate. Upon success, the phosphating operation became operation resulting in the FAA GROUNDING of teledyne Aircraft flights being lifted. Teledyne Continental Motors is a leading producer of piston engines and a provider of aftermarket services for the general aviation market.

(i) General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems Inc, 1200 N Glenbrook Dr. Garland, TX.

Worked here as a Sr. Chemical Process coating Engineer (Subject Matter Consultant). Providing to the company expertise in the Metal Coating of Aircraft components with Zinc- Nickel Phosphate particularly on the military aircraft Bomb Shells/ missile systems.

The company also does other works including but not limited to: -* Welding - to meet customer requirements, including special capabilities for copper and brass overlay onto steel, * Molding Injection - Rubber and Nylon Injection Molding processes., * Metal Finishing - Automated and conventional electroplating/immersion coating systems including Chemical Treatment, Phosphatizing, Zinc Plating, Chromating, Hard Coat Anodizing and Painting. * Conventional Closed Die Forgings - conventional forgings of:- landing gear components, structural components, aircraft wheels, actuating arms, bell cranks, transmission housings, window frames and ordnance parts such as fins and wings.

(j). Pikes Peak Community State College, Colorado Springs, CO

Instructor and Curriculum-Developer: I was certified by the State of Colorado Department of Higher Education to teach Specific Program/courses (Metallurgy, Electrical, Electronics Technology and Semiconductor). At the above College, I was responsible for Instruction and Curriculum Development. I developed and taught Semiconductor integrated circuit (IC or a set of electronic circuits), on a semiconductor material, normally silicon. The micro fabrication (IC) College level courses I developed and taught were:- (1) Materials Diffusion process concepts ( junction formation, sheet resistance, dopant materials)., (2) Ion Implantation process:- (equipment, masking, atomic distribution, crystal damage, thermal annealing, channeling, Evaluation of implanted layers, application of Ions, Implantation and Safety issues)., (3) Deposition of thin films on semiconducting (silicon wafer) surfaces: These included film deposition, processing parameters, equipment upkeep, sputtering systems, Low pressure chemical Vapor deposition, operations and safety Issues, and (4) Etching processes:- Wet chemical etching, Dry etching, Plasma processes and safety issues.

EDUCATIONAL.

University of Tennessee at Knoxville, TN, (PhD degree on hold) Metallurgical Engineering.

University of Birmingham at Edgbaston, Birmingham in United Kingdom. Masters Metallurgy 2001

Colorado State University (CSU) at Pueblo Colorado / Bachelors Metallurgy 1984

Colorado School of Mines at Golden, Colorado /

EDUCATIONAL.

University of Tennessee at Knoxville, TN, Currently working on PhD Metallurgy 3/5/2003- 6/5/2006

University of Birmingham at Edgbaston, Birmingham in United Kingdom. Masters Metallurgy 3/1/1990- 7/32001

Colorado State University (CSU) at Pueblo Colorado / Bachelors Metallurgy 1980-1984

Colorado School of Mines at Golden, Colorado 3/5/1991- 5/5/1992

Fig. 1.

The above SEM photomicrograph shows columnar single crystalline structure of Ni Nano -clusters

( films) deposited on single Cu 111 zone axis to form in 3 minutes a Ni 100(Cu111) single solid phase face centered cubic (FCC ) structure from a simple watt bath of pH2 at room. As seen above, single crystal structured microscopic materials are usually identifiable by their geometrical shape, consisting of flat faces with specific, characteristic orientations. A single crystal solid film is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries.

Fig. 2

The above SEM photomicrograph shows equiax cubidal polycrystalline crystal structure of Fe-MnP electrolessly deposited on Cu 111 crystal lattice zone axis . The single solid solution bcc structure of Fe20 - Mn50-P30(Fe100) alloy films was deposited from Fe, Mn phosphate and nitrate salt bath of pH2 at 50oC in 5 minutes . The inorganic phosphate co-deposited in the alloy films favors more Mn deposition than the Fe in the Fe-Mn alloy composition. The P co-deposits also influenced the formation of nano- cubidal Fe-MnP single solid solution phase structure by restricting the Fe-Mn alloy grains to nanocrystalline structure size formation. Curtsey from Bassey Udofot’s Mphil Engineering thesis from the University of Birmingham, Edbaston, Birmingham England).

fig. 3.

The above SEM photomicrograph shows equiax nano crystalline polycrystalline structure of Ni –Fe supper films deposited on single crystal Cu 111 zone axis to form in 3 minutes a Ni40 –Fe30 (Cu111) single solid phase bcc structure from a bath of pH2 at room temperature. The structure of Fe-Ni presented here possesses a polycrystalline structure as opposed to the columnar single crystalline structure of Ni in figure 10, above.

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