*.Name (in Block letters) : C.KIRUBA RANI

*.Designation : Assistant Professor and Head

3.Age & Date of birth : 46 years ; 10.07.1968

4.Department : Biochemistry

5.Address for Communication : 29/1, Bharathidasan Street,

With Mobile No. & Email ID Teachers’ Colony, Erode-638011.

Ph : 978-***-****, E.mail : acsfql@r.postjobfree.com

6.Educational Qualification :

Name of the Degree

Major

Year of Passing

University

% of Marks / Grade

P.G.

Biochemistry

1990

Bharathiar University

First Class

M.Phil.,

Life Science

2006

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University

First Class

Ph.D.,

Biotechnology

2014

Mother Teresa Women’s University

Highly Commended

NET / SET

Life Science

1991

Madras Universitry

Qualified

Additional PG Degree / PG Diploma(If any)Industrial Pollution & Control

Environmental Science

2001

Annamalai University

First Class

7. Teaching Experience as on 31.10.2014

Degree

No. of Years

Total (Years)

VCW

Other College

U.G.

From:

To:

21 years

1993 to till date

1 year

1992

22 years

b) Member in Board of Studies / Academic Body etc., (Details to be attached)

Board & Period

Name of the Institution and Department

Official use (Points)

Chairman of Board of Studies, From 2007 –till date

Vellalar College for Women, Dept. of Biochemistry

Chairman of Question papers setter’s board

2011-till date

Periyar University, Salem, Dept. of Biochemistry

c)Innovation in Teaching Methods / aids used (Give details) (e-content, PPT Presentation and others)

Subject related videos and pictures from You tube, presentation using OHP, E-content & PPT presentation

d) No. of Research Papers Published (Details to be attached)

S. No

Name of the Faculty

Name of the Journal/ Books

Title of the Article

Publication Details.

1

C.KIRUBARANI

Journal of Food,Nutrition & Dietetics

A Systemic Study of Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Gymnema Sylvestre & a Comparison with Glibenclamide Tablet

Vol 3, No 2, July 2006

2.

International Journal of Institutional Pharmacy and Life sciences

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of Acalypha indica

Vol 3, Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2013, pp 71-75.

3.

International Journal of Institutional Pharmacy and Life sciences

In vitro antioxidant potential of Acalypha indica

Vol 3, Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2013, pp 66-70.

4.

Journal of Management and Science

GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents of Acalypha indica Linn.

Vol 3, Jan 2014, pp 46-50.

5

International Journal of Advances in Interdisciplinary Research

Evaluation of Acalypha indica phytochemicals as anti-diabetic compounds by molecular docking studies

Vol 1, Issue 6, May 2014, ISSN : 23480696, pp 5-13.

9. Involvement in Academic (other than regular) and Non-academic activities:

a) Seminars, Conferences, Symposium and Workshop organized or participated in our college. (Details to be attached)

Role played as

Date of seminar/workshop etc.,

Department which organised

National/ College Level

Official use (Points)

Co-ordinator

Seminar

Seminar

Workshop

Workshop

09.01.2004

10 -12.01.07

10.02. 2012

25.02.2013

Biochemistry,VCW

Biochemistry,VCW

Biochemistry,VCW

Biochemistry,VCW

State level

National level

College Level

College Level

Details of Seminars,Conferences & Symposium attended

S. No

Theme of the Seminar/ Conference

Date and month

Organiser

1.

National Conference on “Bio-fuels”

10th & 11th Jan,2003

Karpagam Arts and Science College, Coimbatore.

2.

State level Seminar on “Science in Health Promotion – Recent Concepts”.

9th Jan,2004

Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

3.

State level Seminar on “Food Security –a global-challenge to nutrition”

5th Feb, 2004

Vellalar College for Women, Erode

5.

State level symposium on “Recent trends in Medical lab Technology”

17th Feb, 2004

Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

6.

National Conference on “Current trends in Biological Scenario”

11th & 12th Aug,2004

Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

7.

National Seminar on “Advances in Biological

Sciences”

13th Aug, 2004

Hindustan College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore.

8.

State level Seminar on “More & Sono Chemistry”

15th Sep, 2004

Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

9.

National level Seminar on “Biosciences”

5th Jan, 2005

Navarasam Arts & Science College, Erode.

10.

NAAC sponsored Southern regional Conference on “Post Accreditation -Initiatives on Quality Sustenance and Quality Enhancement”

4th & 5th Feb, 2005

Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

11.

International Seminar –“Indo-Korean Joint Seminar on Secondary metabolite-sources and production process”.

14th Feb 2007

Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore.

12

National Seminar on Natural Products and their Antioxidant role in chronic disorders.

29th June – 1st July, 2007

Nandha college of Pharmacy, Erode.

13

UGC Sponsored Seminar on “Biomedical Instrumentation”

4th Jan,2008

Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

14

National Seminar on “ Frontiers in Material Science”

7th Feb, 2008

Vellalar college for Women, Erode.

15

National Conference on “Recent trends in Biosciences”

11th & 12th Feb, 2005

Kongu Arts & Science College, Erode.

16

National Seminar on “ Challenging Diabetes”

20th Sep, 2006

Karpagam Arts & Science College, Coimbatore.

17.

National level Seminar on “ Health Sciences in Current Scenario”

10th - 12th Jan, 2007

Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

18.

National level Seminar on Issues & Challenges in Higher Education.

24th & 25th Jan,2007

Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

19.

International Conference on “Opportunities & Challenges in Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences”

22nd & 23rd Feb, 2007

Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

20

National conference on “Recent trends in Biosciences”

13th & 14th Sep, 2007

Kongu Arts & Science College, Erode.

21

National Seminar on “Current Technology developments in Bio-Sciences”

12th to 14th Sep, 2007

Vivekanandha College of Arts & Sciences for Women, Tiruchengode.

22

National Seminar on Phyto chemicals – their role in disease prevention & health promotion

17th Sep 2010

Kongu Engg. College, Perundurai

23

UGC Sponsored National Seminar on “Food Processing and Marketing”

1st Feb 2011

Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

24

National Seminar on Bionano technology – its application & relevance to health care

16th & 17th Dec 2011

Kongu Engg. College, Perundurai

25

UGC Sponsored State level Seminar on “Chemistry, our life, our future “

27th Dec 2011

Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

26

National Seminar on “Exploring the Frontiers of Neuroscience”

11th Feb 2012

Kongu Arts & Science College, Erode.

27

UGC Sponsored National Seminar on “ Research Issues in Computer Science”

8th Feb 2012

Vellalar College for Women, Erode

28

UGC Sponsored National Symposium on “ Career Opportunites in Nutrition and Dietetics”

22nd Feb 2012

Vellalar College for Women, Erode

29

DBT Sponsored National Level Seminar on Nutriproteomics

22nd Jan,2014

Kongu Engg. College, Perundurai

Details of Papers presented in Seminars,Conferences & Symposium

S. No

Theme of the Seminar/ Conference

Title of the paper

Date and month

Organiser

1

National Seminar on Recent trends in Biosciences

Benevolent anti-oxidants free radicals scavengers.

13th & 14th Sep, 2007

Kongu Arts & Science College,

Erode

2

National Seminar Current Technology developments in Bio-Sciences

Role of Antioxidants in chronic diseases.

12th to 14th Sep, 2007

Vivekanandha College of Arts & Sciences for Women, Tiruchengode

3

National Seminar on Impact of Research on Medicinal Plants

Medicinal Plants in treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

12th Sep,2009

Arignar Anna Arts College,

Namakkal

4

National Seminar Challenges and opportunities in Biological Sciences

A Study on Efficacy on Antioxidants in treating Diabetes Mellitus

12th Sep 2009

& 13th Sep, 2009

Muthayammal College of Arts and Science,

Rasipuram.

5

International Seminar Emerging trends in Life Sciences

A Study on Adverse effects of chemo therapy in medulloblastoma

18th Aug,2011

Navarasam Arts & Science College for Women, Arachalur

6

International Seminar on Food and Nutraceuticals for nutrition and health- Technology and delivery

Screening tools of Antioxidants

20th,

21st & 22nd Jan,2011

Periyar University, Salem

7

International Seminar on Food and Nutraceuticals for nutrition and health- Technology and delivery

Multiple linear regression model to predict infant birth weight with special reference to maternal serum elements

20th,

21st & 22nd Jan,2011

Periyar University, Salem

8

National Conference on Food Processing and Technology for Health Progression

In vitro free radical scavenging potential of Acalypha indica Linn

09th - 10th Jan,2013

Periyar University, Salem

9

International Conference on “Phytochemicals in Health and Disease

Analysis of in vitro antioxidant efficacy of Acalypha indica Linn

23rd - 25th Jan,2013

Annamalai University

10

National Conference on Innovative Approaches in Biosciences

Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant potential of Acalypha indica Linn

31st Jan,2013 to 01st Feb,13

Maharaja Co- Education Arts & Science College, Perundurai.

11

International Conference on Globalisation and its impact on Indian Economy

GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents of Acalypha indica Linn

02nd Jan,2014

Sri Vasavi College, Erode.

Details of Workshops / FDP attended

S. No

Theme of the Seminar/ Conference

Date

and month

Organiser

1

Workshop on Orientation and Retraining of Teachers

23rd Jan,2010

Vellalar College For Women,Erode

2

UGC SponsoredWorkshop on Excellent Foods for Nutritional Sustenance

28th Jan,2010

Vellalar College For Women,Erode

3

Workshop on Soft skills

21st to 23rd Nov, 2011

Vellalar College For Women,Erode

4

Workshop on Practical approach in bioinformatics

10th Feb, 2012

Vellalar College For Women, Erode.

5

UGC funded FDP on Internet Banking

8th Dec 2012

Vellalar College For Women, Erode

Membership in various Committees constituted in Vellalar College for Women

Period

Name of the Committee

As a chair person/ Member

2003-05

College magazine committee

Member

2003 - 12

Editorial board – Journal of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics

Member

2009 – till date

Board of Studies-Biochemistry

Chairman

2010-11

Students Greivence redressal committee

Co-ordinator

(unaided)

2010-till date

Ragging Curb Committee

Member

2013 to till date

Internal audit committee

Member

2013 to till date

Admission committee

Member

Declaration

I hereby declare that the Information furnished above are true to the best of my knowledge.

Name: Dr. C. KIRUBA RANI

Signature:

Date:

EVALUATION OF ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC, ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AND

ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AERIAL PARTS OF ACALYPHA INDICA LINN IN STREPTOZOTOCIN- INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycemia with alteration of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism1. Hyperglycemia, the elevation of blood sugar level may be due to defect in secretion or action of insulin. The chronic condition of hyperglycemia during diabetes results in dysfunction or failure of several organs of the body, especially the heart, nerves, kidneys, eyes and blood vessels2. According to World Health Organisation, the prevalence of diabetes has been projected to increase by 30% by the year 20253. Besides hyperglycemia, the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus is also associated with factors like hyperlipidemia, enhanced oxidative stress,4polyuria, polyphagia, polydypsia, ketosis, neuropathy, nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases5. The type of diabetes namely Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) shows an increase in blood levels of triglycerides(TG’s) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) that may lead to an increased risk of premature arteriosclerosis. Hence the treatment for diabetes mellitus includes a drug which controls not only the hyperglycemia, but also prevents cardiovascular disorders and other complications of diabetes mellitus.

Oxidative stress is one of the major causative factors, which may lead to chronic and degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, cancer,ageing and immunosuppressive neuro degenerative diseases6. Oxidative stress results from the existence of products called free radicals and reactive oxygen species and this condition is mainly due to an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and endogenous antioxidant systems7. Free radicals are responsible for the causation of ailments such as diabetes, cirrhosis, nephrotoxicity etc 8. Oxygen free radicals initiate peroxidation of lipids, which in turn stimulates glycation of proteins and inactivation of antioxidant enzymes and thus play a major role in the long term complications of diabetes mellitus9.

Many herbs and plants have been shown to possess antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity10. The World Health Organization has also recommended the

initiation of programs for the use of medicinal plants in the traditional health system11. Acalypha indica Linn. belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae,is an annual erect herb commonly present in India, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Philippines and tropical Africa12. Traditionally, Acalypha indica is used as a laxative, and has anthelmintic,cathartic properties and useful for the treatment of throat infections,wound healing and migraine pain relief13. Hence in the present investigation, an attempt has been made to decipher the phytochemical components and pharmacological activities of aerial parts of Acalypha indica.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In recent years, the incidence of diabetes mellitus has soared worldwide and is expected to keep growing, notably the type 2 diabetes (NIDDM). This is due to life style and food habits like consumption of food with processed carbohydrates, saturated fats and insufficient fiber rich whole foods with physical inactivity, rise of obesity and other environmental factors14 .

The number of diabetes mellitus has been increased worldwide in recent years. The World Health Organization estimated a total of 171 million (2.8%) people with diabetes from the global population in the year 2000 and this has been projected to raise up to 366 million (4.4%) by the year 2030 15. Among the chronic diseases, diabetes seems to be third killed of mankind, after cancer and cardio vascular diseases, because of its morbidity and mortality16. Despite the availability of known anti-diabetic medicines in the pharmaceutical market, the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications was found to be a major problem17. In modern medicine, no drug is available with satisfactory effective therapy for the management of diabetes mellitus18. Current drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus are associated with several side effects. Hence, there is a need for drugs which are considered to be less toxicity with fewer side effects when compared with synthetic drugs 19,20.

In the indigenous system of medicine, number of plants are available with antihyperglycemic property but only a very few have been scientifically evaluated and the active principles were isolated21.Free radicals are formed in diabetic conditions by the processes namely glucose oxidation, non-enzymatic glycation of proteins and oxidative degradation of glycated proteins22. Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus may contribute directly or indirectly with excessive production of free radicals which may lead to oxidative stress23. Elevated levels of free radicals and oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its secondary complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy24 and cardiomyopathy25.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

About 2500 plant species with medicinal value have been recognized in India and has a big scope for the development of pharmaceutical and phytochemical industries26. Herbal drugs contribute a glorious chapter in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aqueous alcoholic and chloroform extracts of the leaves of Tinospora cordifoila showed a significant anti-diabetic activity in both normal and diabetic rabbits. About 50% ethanolic extract of 250mg/kg of Mangifera indica leaves showed a hypoglycemic activity of 37.33% within 8 hours after administration27. Phytochemicals isolated from plants are useful in the prevention and treatment of various diseases namely diabetes mellitus, cancer, high blood pressure and heart diseases28. The bioactive compounds present in plants such as glycosides, alkaloids,terpenoids, flavonoids etc have shown to possess anti-diabetic activity29. Phytochemical analysis of Acalypha indica leaves showed a very rich source of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids30,31.

The interest in antioxidants research has been increasing because of their great capacity in free radical scavenging activity related to various degenerative diseases32. Certain natural antioxidants present in plants have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and the development of major diseases. The secondary metabolites like phenolics and flavonoids which are distributed in all the parts of plants such as leaves, fruits, seeds, barks and roots have been reported to scavenge free radicals33. Many synthetic antioxidants showed several side effects like risk of liver damage and carcinogenesis in experimental animals .Hence, there is a need for effective antioxidants to reduce the oxidative damage caused by free radicals34.35,36. Among the various therapeutic strategies, a combination of antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity can be beneficial in the prevention of diabetes mellitus and its complications37.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The present investigation was conceived with the following objectives.

To perform the preliminary phytochemical screening to identify major bioactive compounds of Acalypha indica.

To assay in vitro antioxidant activity of Acalypha indica.

To evaluate antihyperglycemic activity of Acalypha indicaextract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and its comparison with control and diabetic rats.

To analyse the lipid profile of control, diabetic and Acalypha indica extract treated rats and their comparison.

To determine the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity of Acalypha indica extract in diabetic rats.

RESEARCH DESIGN

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :

The experimental design adopted in the present study was carried out in the following heads.

Plant Collection and Authentication

Preparation of Plant Extract

Animal Care and Monitoring

Chemicals

Acute Toxicity Test for LD50 Determination

Induction of Diabetes by Streptozotocin

Experimental Set up for Animal Study

Collection of Blood, Liver,Kidney and Pancreas tissues

Phytochemical and Biochemical Analysis

Statistical Analysis

Plant Collection and Authentication

The aerial parts of A. indica were collected from Indian Ayurvedic Hospital and Research Limited, Coimbatore and was identified and authenticated by Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore, whose voucher specimen no. is BSI /SRC / 5 /23 / 2011 -12 / Tech. 245.

Preparation of Plant Extract

About 500 g of dried and powdered aerial parts of A. indica was weighed and subjected to successive solvent extraction.The extraction was carried out with the following solvents in increasing order of polarity: petroleum ether,chloroform,ethanol followed by water.The solvent ethanol seems to possess high extraction capacity when compared to other solvents.Hence,the Ethanolic extract of Aerial parts of A.indica (EAAI) was used for further study.

Animal Care and Monitoring

The experiment was carried out using Male Wistar Albino rats weighing

150 -200 g and were housed at a temperature of 24 2 C and relative humidity of

30 – 70 % . All the animals were allowed to free access to water and fed with standard commercial rat chow pellets (M/s Hindustan Lever Ltd, Mumbai). All the experimental procedures and protocols used in the study were reviewed by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (Reg no : 688 /2 / C –CPCSEA ) and were in accordance with the guidelines of the CPCSEA.

Chemicals

Streptozotocin( STZ ) was purchased from Sigma –Aldrich Fine Chemicals (St.Louis, MO, USA). Glibenclamide and other chemicals and solvents were purchased from SD Fine Chemicals Ltd, Mumbai, India, Ranbaxy Laboratories, New Delhi, India and Himedia Chemicals, Mumbai, India and were of Analytical Grade.

Acute Toxicity Test for LD50 Determination

For acute toxicity study, about thirty male Wistar albino rats weighing 150-200 g were used. They were distributed into six groups comprising of a control group and five treated groups with five animals per group. They were fed with standard normal diet and water ad libitum and were allowed to acclimatize for seven days to laboratory condition before the experiment. The treated groups were given varying doses (5,50,250,500,2000 mg/kg body weight) of ethanolic plant extract in 1% w/v CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) orally at the rate of 1ml/rat/day to different set of animals for 14 days. Control animals received 5% Acacia. After the administration of plant extract,the animals were observed to detect any changes in grooming, hyperactivity, sedation, corneal reflex, urination and salivation. All the animals were observed twice daily for any mortality during the experimental period of 14 days.

In the acute toxicity study, the EAAI did not show any significant toxic symptoms during the daily observations for 14 days and no mortality was observed even at the tested dose level of 2000mg/kg body weight indicating high margin of safety of EAAI.

Induction of Diabetes by Streptozotocin

After fasting for 18 h. rats were intraperitoneally injected with freshly prepared solution of STZ ( 60mg/ kg ) in cold citrate buffer ( 0.1 M, pH 4.5 ). After the injection, they were allowed to free access to feed and water and were given 5 % glucose solution to drink overnight to counter the hypoglycemic shock. The development of diabetes was confirmed by animals showing blood glucose level of more than 250 mg /dl after 72 h. of the STZ injection and were used for the study.

Experimental Set Up

About thirty experimental rats (24 diabetic surviving rats and 6 normal healthy rats)were used for the study. The animals were divided into five groups of six animals in each group.

Group –I : Normal healthy control animals received distilled water (5 ml/ kg PO) for 28days.

Group –II : STZ- induced diabetic animals received distilled water ( 5 ml / kg PO ) for 28 days.

Group- III : STZ- induced diabetic animals received A. indica extract (250 mg/ kg PO) for 28 days.

Group –IV : STZ- induced diabetic animals received A. indica extract (500 mg/ kg PO) for 28 days.

Group –V : STZ- induced diabetic animals received the standard drug Glibenclamide

( 5mg / kg PO) for 28 days.

The test drugs were administered by suspending in 0.5 % Carboxy Methyl Cellulose solution.

Collection of Blood, Liver and Kidney Tissue Homogenates

At the end of the treatment, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood was collected and serum was separated by centrifugation and used for the analysis of glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin,insulin and lipid profile and the organs such as liver and kidney were excised immediately and thoroughly washed with ice cold physiological saline (0.9 % ). 1g of liver, and kidney tissues were homogenized separately in 10 ml of 0.2 M tris-HCl with the help of homogenizer. The homogenate was filtered and then centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 min. at 4 C. The supernatant obtained was used for the estimation of biochemical parameters in liver and kidney.

Phytochemical and Biochemical Analysis

The ethanolic extract of aerial parts of A.indica (EAAI) was used for the phytochemical analysis. For the analysis of biochemical parameters, blood, liver and kidney tissue homogenates were used and the experiments were conducted in seven phases. The parameters were studied using standard procedures in an autoanalyzer.

Phase-I : Phytochemical characterization of A.indica

Phytochemical screening of Ethanolic extract of aerial parts of A. Indica

GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of A. Indica

Phase-II: Analysis of in vitro Antioxidant potential of A.indica

The ethanolic extract of A.indica was analysed for its free radical scavenging activity by

DPPH radical scavenging assay

Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay

Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay

Superoxide radical scavenging assay

Reducing power assay

Phase-III :Determination of Antihyperglycemic Activity of Ethanolic

Extract of Aerial Parts of A.Indica.

Determination of Body weight.

Estimation of Serum Glucose.

Estimation of Serum Insulin.

Estimation of Glycosylated haemoglobin.

Estimation of liver Glycogen.

Estimation of Protein.

Estimation of Albumin.

Estimation of Globulin.

Estimation of A/G Ratio.

Estimation of Urea.

Estimation of Creatinine.

Estimation of DNA.

Estimation of RNA.

Assay of Glycolytic Enzymes:

Estimation of Hexokinase.

Estimation of Phosphoglucoisomerase.

Assay of Gluconeogenicenzymes :

Estimation of Glucose-6-phosphatase.

Estimation of Fructose-1,6 diphosphatase.

Assay of TCA cycle enzymes:

Estimation of Succinate dehydrogenase.

Estimation of Malate dehydrogenase.

Phase –IV :Assay of Serum, Liver and Kidney Marker Enzymes

Assay of Alkaline phosphatase.

Assay of Acid phosphatase.

Assay of Aspartate amino transferase.

Assay of Alanine amino transferase.

Assay of Lactate dehydrogenase.

Phase-V :Analysis of Lipid Profile

Analysis of Total Cholesterol.

Analysis of Free Cholesterol.

Analysis of Phospholipids.

Analysis of Triglycerides.

Analysis of Free Fatty acids.

Analysis of HDL Cholesterol.

Analysis of LDL Cholesterol.

Analysis of VLDL Cholesterol.

Phase-VI :Evaluation of in vivo Antioxidant Potential of A. indica

Estimation of Lipid Peroxidation.

Assay of Enzymatic Antioxidants

Estimation of Superoxide dismutase.

Estimation of Catalase,

Estimation of Glutathione peroxidise.

Estimation of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Estimation of Glutathione-s-transferase.

Estimation of Glutathione reductase.

Assay of Non-enzymatic antioxidants

Estimation of Glutathione.

Estimation of Vitamin-C.

Estimation of Vitamin-E.

Estimation of Vitamin-A.

Phase-VII :Histopathological investigation of Liver and Kidney and

Pancreas Tissues

Liver, Kidney and Pancreas tissues were washed in saline and a small portion of these organs were immediately fixed in 10% of formalin.The tissues were then processed by dehydration through graded isopropyl alcohol,cleaned by xylene and impregnated in paraffin wax for 2 h. Wax blocks were prepared,sections were produced by microtome and stained by haematoxylin eosin and photographed.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

All the results were expressed as mean SD and statistical evaluation was done using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA ) for comparison among five groups followed by Duncan ‘s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

REFERENCES

1)Sharma A.K.(1993). Diabetes mellitus and its complications : An update, 1st edition, Macmillan India Ltd, New Delhi. pp: 92-95.

2)American Diabetes Association (2009). Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 3 (1) : S62-S67.

3)Boyle J.P, Honeycutt A.A, Narayan K.M, Hoerger T.J,Geisis L.S, Chen H. and Thompson T.J. (2001). Projection of diabetes burden through 2050: Impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in U.S. Diabetes Care. 24: 1936-1940.

4) Dewanjee S, Sekhar K Bose,Ranabir Sahu T. and Subhash C Mandal (2008). Antidiabetic effect of matured fruits of Diospyros peregrine in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Inter.J. Green Phar. 2 : 95-99.

5)Gandjbakhch I, Leprince P.D, Alessandro C, Ouattara A, Bonnet N, Varvous S.and Pavie A. (2005). Coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients with diabetes . Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 189 : 257-66.

6)Jayaprakasha G.K and Tamil S. (2002). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of grape seed extract. Food Res. 36: 47-122.

7)Halliwell B. (1994). Free radicals, antioxidants and human disease: curiosity,cause or consequence. Lancet. 344: 721-724.

8)Marx J .L. (1987). Oxygen free radicals linked to many diseases. Science. 235 : 529.

9)Baynes J.W.(1991).Role of oxidative stress in complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 40 : 405.

10)Elder C. (2004). Ayurveda for diabetes mellitus: A review of the biomedical literature. Altern .Thera.Heal.Med. 10: 44-50.

11)World Health Organization. (1978). Drug Policies and Management: Medicinal Plants, WHO Resolution,Geneva,Switzerland. pp: 31-33.

12)Kirtikar K .R. and Basu B.D. (1999). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol III, International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India. pp: 2262-2263.

13)Kirtikar K.R. and Basu B. D. (1975). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol II, Second Edition, Vjayyed Press, New Delhi. pp: 30-45.

14)The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) : the effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 329 (14 ) :

977-986.

15)Wild S, Roglic G,Green A, Sicree R. and King H. (2004) .Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care .27: 1047-1053.

16)Li W. L, Zheng H .C, Bukuru J. and De Kimpe N. (2004). Natural medicines used in the traditional Chinese medical system for therapy of diabetes mellitus. J. Ethnopharmacol.

92 : 1-21.

17)Ji S.K,Jung B.J, Chang W.C. and Sei C.K. (2006). Hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of four

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