CURRENT PRACTICE OF BIOREMEDIATON

The key players in bioremediation are bacteria-microscopic organisms that

live virtually everywhere. Microorganisms are ideally suited to the task of

contaminant destruction because they possess enzymes that allow them to use

environmental contaminants as food and because they are so small that they

are able to contact contaminants easily. In situ bioremediation can be

regarded as an extension of the purpose that microorganisms have served in

nature for billions of years: the breakdown of complex human, animal, and

plant wastes so that life can continue from one generation to the next.

Without the activity of microorganisms, the earth would literally be buried

in wastes, and the nutrients necessary for the continuation of life would

be locked up in detritus.

The goal in bioremediation is to stimulate microorganisms with nutrients

and other chemicals that will enable them to destroy the contaminants. The

bioremediation systems in operation today reply on microorganisms native to

the contaminated sites, encouraging them to work by supplying them with the

optimum levels of nutrients and other chemicals essential for their

metabolism. Researchers are currently investigating ways to augment

contained sites with nonnative microbes including genetically engineered

microorganisms specially suited to degrading the contaminants of concern at

particular sites. It is possible that this process, know as

bioaugmentation, could expand the range of possibilities for future

bioremediation systems.

Regardless of whether the microbes are native or newly introduced to the

site, an understanding of how they destroy contaminants is critical to

understanding bioremediation. The types of microbial processes that will be

employed in the cleanup dictate what nutritional supplements the

bioremediation system must supply. Furthermore, the byproducts of microbial

processes can provide indicators that the bioremediation is successful.

Whether microorganisms will be successful in destroying manmade

contaminants in the subsurface depends on three factors: the type of

organisms, the type of contaminant, and the geological and chemical

conditions at the contaminated site.

Biological and nonbiological measures to remedy environmental pollution are

used the same way. All remediation techniques seek first to prevent

contaminants from spreading. In the subsurface, contaminants spread

primarily as a result of partitioning into ground water. As the ground

water advances, soluble components from a concentrated contaminant pool

dissolve, moving forward with the ground water to form a contaminant plume.

Because the plume is mobile, it could be a financial, health, or legal

liability if allowed to migrate off site. The concentrated source of

contamination, on the other hand, often has settled into a fixed position

and in this regard is stable. However, until the source can be removed (by

whatever cleanup technology), the plume will always threaten to advance off

site.

Depending on the nature of the site, the types of contaminants, and the

needs of the parties responsible for the contaminated site, the treatment

technologies administered may vary. The source area and the ground water

plume may be treated by aumented bioremediation, intrinsic bioremediation,

a combination of the two, or a mixture of bioremediation with nonbiological

treatment strategies. Contaminant concentrations in ground water plumes are

typically much lower than in the source area. Because of this concentration

difference, management procedures for the source area and the plume may be

quite different. When the source area is highly contaminated, aggressive

containment and treatment are often required to bring the site under

control.

Selection and application of a bioremediation process for the source or the

plume require the consideration of several factors. The first factor is the

goals for managing the site, which may vary from simple containment to

meeting specific regulatory standards for contaminant concentrations in the

ground water and soil. The second factor is the extent of contamination.

Understanding the types of contaminants, their concentrations, and their

locations is critical in designing in situ bioremediation procedures. The

third factor is the types of biological processes that are effective for

transforming the contaminant. By matching established metabolic

capabilities with the contaminants found, a strategy for encouraging growth

of the proper organisms can be developed. The final consideration is the

site's transport dynamics, which control contaminant spreading and

influence the selection of appropriate methods for stimulating microbial

growth.

Once site characteristics have been discerned, strategies for gaining

hydrologic control and for supplying the requisite nutrients and electron

acceptors for the microorganisms can be developed. if there is sufficient

natural supply of these substances, intrinsic bioremediation may be

effective. On the other hand, if these biochemical or environmental

requirements must be artificially supplied to maintain a desire level of

activity, bioremediation is the desired course. The ultimate consideration

is if and when the targeted cleanup goal can be achieved.

Augmented bioremediation may be chosen over intrinsic bioremediation

because of time and liability. Because augmented bioremediation accelerates

biodegradation reaction rates, this technology is appropriate for

situations where time constraints for contaminant elimination are short or

where transport processes are causing the contaminant plume to advance

rapidly.

When subsurface contamination exists substantially or entirely above the

water table (in what is known as the unsaturated, or vadose, zone), the

treatment system relies on transport of materials through the gas phase.

Thus, bioremediation is effected primarily through the use of an aeration

system, oxygen being the electron acceptor of choice for the systems used

so far to treat contamination. If the contamination is shallow, simple

tilling of the soil may accelerate oxygen delivery sufficiently to promote

bioremediation. For deeper contamination, aeration is most commonly

provided by applying a vacuum, but it may also be supplied by injecting

air. In either case the three primary control parameters are, in order of

importance, oxygen supply, moisture maintenance, and the supply of

nutrients and other reactants.

The design and implementation of an effective vacuum or injection system

for oxygen delivery require knowledge of the vertical and horizontal

location of the contaminants and the geological characteristics of the

contaminated zones. Because air flow is proportional to the permeability

characteristics of each geological stratum, aeration points must be

separately installed at depths that correspond to every contaminated

geological unit. For effective oxygen delivery, the spacing of the aeration

points within a geological unit is a function of the soil permeability and

the applied vacuum (or pressure). Determination of spacing should be based

on field data and/or computer models. In some clay-rich soils the

circulation of sufficient oxygen to promote bioremediation is extremely

difficult because such soils are relatively impermeable. In these soils

hydraulic fracturing or another engineered approach may be required to

facilitate air flow.

The passage or air through the subsurface will remove moisture. This can

cause drying that, if severe enough, may impede biological processes.

Therefore, maintaining a proper moisture balance is critical to the

system's success. Moisture is sometimes added to the treatment area by

spraying or flooding the surface (if the surface is relatively permeable)

or by injecting water through infiltration galleries, trenches, or wells.

Care must be taken that excess water is not added, because it can leach

contaminants into the ground water or decrease the amount of air in the

subsurface pores.

If inorganic nutrients or other stimulants are required to maintain the

effectiveness of the bioremediation system, they may be added in soluble

form through the system used for moisture maintenance. In some cases,

nutrients and stimulants could be added as gases. At some sites, nitrogen

has been added in the form of gaseous ammonia.

Bioremediation systems for treating ground water below the water table fit

two categories: water circulation systems and air injections systems. Most

aquifer bioremediation systems have used the former approach, but in the

last few years air injection systems have become increasingly common.

Water circulation systems work by circulation water amended with nutrients

and other substances required to stimulate microbial growth between

injection and recovery wells. The method has typically incorporated an

optional above-ground water treatment facility into the ground water

circulation system, with oxygen supplied by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and

the recovered water treated with an air stripper to remove any remaining

volatile contaminants.

All of the ground water is recovered, and all or a portion of the treated

ground water is reinjected after being amended with nutrients and a final

electron acceptor. Recovery systems most frequently use wells, although

trenches can be used in some situations. Injection is commonly achieved

with wells, but several systems have used injection galleries. In some

systems all of the recovered water is discharged to an alternate reservoir,

and either drinking water or uncontaminated ground water is used for

injection. The injected ground water moves through the saturated sediments

toward the ground water capture system. As the amended water moves through

the contaminated portions of the site, it increased microbial activity by

providing the elements that limit intrinsic biodegradation.

Microbial transformation of organic contaminants normally occurs because

the organisms can use the contaminants for their own growth and

reproduction. Organic contaminants serve two purposes for the organisms:

they provide a source of carbon, which is one of the basic building blocks

of new cell constituents, and they provide electrons, which the organisms

can extract to obtain energy.

Microorganisms gain energy by catalyzing energy-producing chemical

reactions that involve breaking chemical bonds and transferring electrons

away from the contaminant. The type of chemical reaction is call an

oxidation-reduction reaction: the organic contaminant is oxidized, the

technical term for losing electrons; correspondingly, the chemical that

gains the electrons is reduced. The contaminant is called the electron

donor, while the electron recipient is called the electron acceptor. The

energy gained from these electron transfers is then "invested," along with

some electrons and carbon from the contaminant, to product more cells.

The process of destroying organic compounds with the aid of O2 is called

aerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, microbes use O2 to oxidize

part of the carbon in the contaminant to carbon dioxide (CO2), with the

rest of the carbon used to produce new cell mass. In the process the O2

gets reduced, producing water. Thus the major byproducts of aerobic

respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and an increased population of

microorganism

CURRICULUM VITAE

K.SREENIVASULU

Flat No: 107

Aiswarya Residency, Mobile No: 970*******

Opposite Matha Hospital, acebr0@r.postjobfree.com

Near Raitu Bazar, Vizianagaram,

ANDHRA PRADESH.

Career and Objectives:

An important catastrophe of the modern era is the explosion of the

pollution. In modern era population was increased enormously and usage and

production of organic compounds are increased. Generally pollutants are

generated from paper and pulp industries, pesticide industries, pharma

industries, chemical industries, steel industry, rubber industry, metal

industries, and textile industries. The method for measuring 'degradation'

used to remove a hazardous and toxic compound, should produce non-toxic

products, preferably carbon dioxide and water as mineralized products.

Biodegradation of organic compounds generally occur two types. The first

type, consisting of organic compound of biological origin, such as glucose,

amino acids and fatty acids. They are easily degraded and are common

nutrients for biological organisms. The second type, consisting of fossil-

originated hydrocarbon compounds that are not direct substrates for primary

and central biological metabolism, are more recalcitrant to biological

degradation. Accidental spills of these compounds generally need special

remedial technologies to speed up their degradation. The removal of organic

compounds from the environment via physico- chemical methods was not

beneficial and they lead to unpredictable consequences. Degradation of

organic compounds via biological methods are more acceptable methods and

easy operation and low expensive. Our laboratory has been working to

develop biodegradation strategies to remove toxic waste from the

environment. I have five years experience in Environment department but

also experience in Biodegradation of industrial toxic effluents.

Present Work Experience: 5 years.

Designation & Organization: Presently working in Mylan Laboratory Ltd,

Unit-8, as Executive in EHS department.

Previous work experience:

Worked in Aurobindo Pharma Ltd, Unit-5 & Unit-1 as an Executive in EHS

department for two years and five months.

Research Fellow: Young Scientist Fellow.

Research Topic:

"Biodegradation of Industrial toxic effluents: Isolation, purification and

characterization of catechol 1, 2 dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp.strain DS

002."

Qualifications:

Degree/ certificate University Year of passing

Joined at 2-2-2006

(Ph.D) Full time Sri Krishnadevaraya Synopsis submission was

University, completed

Anantapur

M-Phil Sri Krishnadevaraya

(Full time) University, 2005

Anantapur

M.Sc. Sri Krishnadevaraya

(Full time) University, 2003

Anantapur

Sri Krishnadevaraya

B.Sc. University, 2000

Anantapur

Intermediate Board of 1997

Intermediate

Z.P.P.H. School

S.S.C Hussainapuram. 1995

Responsibilities:

Operating Knowledge about various facilities like:

. Isolation of new strains from activated sludge.

. Increase efficiency reduction of COD from effluents water

(Induction experiments).

. Control of TDS in effluents waster.

. Zero Liquid Discharge Plant.

. MEE.

. TOC.

. Hazardous waste management.

. ISO 14001-2004 MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

. Detoxification.

. Decanter.

. Trouble shooting in ETP plant and reduction of COD by using the

bacterial cultures.

. Laboratory test analysis regarding waste water and correlating the

analysis results with facility operation & improving the performance

and quality.

. Calibration of weighing balance and TOC.

. Ensure the good house keeping at the work area.

. Ensure the 100% safety at the work area for zero accidents and follow

safety permit systems.

. To gain the 90% marks in safety cross functional audits.

. Prepare the training module and given the training to the operators

and training to drivers for safety transportation of hazardous waste

to the TSDF as well as cements industries.

. Segregation, storage and safety transportation of hazardous waste.

. Maintained the minimum stock in the hazardous waste as concerned CFO.

. Communicate and discussed with the TSDF and Cement industries persons

for safety transportation and hazardous waste disposal.

. Ambient air quality monitoring.

. Improve the 20% cost reduction.

. 100% compliance of regulatory documentation.

Computer: D.C.A, (M S office 2013, 2010, 2007),

Notice period: 30 days

Current salary: 4.3 Lacks/Annum.

Expected salary: 6 Lacks/Annum.

Relocation: Willing to relocate any place.

Current location: Vizianagaram

Personal Details:

. Name : K. SREENIVASULU.

. Sex : MALE

. Marital status : MARRIED

. Language known : ENGLISH and TELUGU.

DECLARATION

I here declare that all the details given above are true to the best of my

knowledge.

PLACE:

DATE:

SIGNATURE

Contact this candidate