Lichong Xu, PhD

Division of Artificial Organs, Biomedical

Engineering Institute, Department of Surgery,

Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033

Phone: 717-***-**** (office), 717-***-**** (home), 717-***-**** (cell)

Email: acaje5@r.postjobfree.com; acaje5@r.postjobfree.com

SUMMARY

. Familiar with SPM/AFM, XPS, SEM, XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy,

fluorescence microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, electrochemical

measurements, high speed centrifugation, viscometer, spin coating, etc.

for study and characterization of material properties.

. Develop biomaterials and characterize the biocompatibility of

biomaterials for implants.

. Study the molecular scale biological responses at material (including

polymers) surfaces, e.g., protein adsorption, platelet

adhesion/activation, blood coagulation, bioadhesion.

. Study on bacterial adhesion, biofilm, biofouling, microbiologically

influenced corrosion, biocompatibility.

. Design and fabricate the nano- and micro- structured biomaterials and

polymer films for control of microbial infection and blood

coagulation).

. Strong background in chemistry, surface analytical chemistry, physical

chemistry, chemical engineering, surface science, material science,

electrochemistry, biomedical engineering, and corrosion science.

. Strong computer skills including Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Matlab,

Instat, Origin, Image J, AFM analysis and statistics analysis.

EDUCATION

2001 PhD, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, The University of Hong

Kong, Hong Kong

Thesis title: "Anaerobic Corrosion of Mild Steel in Seawater Induced

by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria".

1994 MS, Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Science

and Technology, China

Thesis title: "A Novel Desalination Technique using Vacuum Freezing

Vapor Condensation".

1991 BS, Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of

Science and Technology.

Thesis Title: "Electroless Plating Ni-P and Surface Treatment".

RESEARCH EXPERIENCES

2008 - present Research Associate

Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine,

Department of Surgery, Division of Artificial Organs,

Biomedical Engineering Institute, Hershey, PA

2005- Sep. 2008 Postdoctoral Fellow (same as above)

. Characterized the biocompatibility of biomaterials for implants.

. Studied the bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, platelet -

bacteria interactions on polyurethane biomaterial surface.

. Developed the nano- and micro- structured biomaterials to inhibit

bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation as well as platelet adhesion

for enhancing the biocompatibility of materials.

. Using SPM/AFM, SEM, XPS, FTIR, electron microscopy, optical

microscopy, etc. to characterize the biomaterial surfaces

. Studied the interactions of protein-protein by Surface Plasmon

Resonance.

. Modification of material surfaces with self-assembled monolayer or

patterns.

. Using AFM to characterize the microphase separated structure and

nanomechanical properties of polyurethane biomaterials for the

cardiovascular devices.

. Using SPM/AFM to study the molecular protein interactions with

surfaces and correlate the materials structural properties and

biological responses (protein adsorption, protein activity, platelet

adhesion recognize and characterize the molecular proteins

adsorption and bioactivity on the polymer surfaces by immuno- AFM

techniques and nano-gold coupling techniques.

Fabricated the nanoscale patterned surface with polystyrene-

polybromostyrene and the nanotopographic surfaces of poly(L-lactic

acid) (PLLA) and Poly(dl-lactide/glycolide) (PLGA) for tissue

engineering.

. Studied the elastic modulus of individual osteoblasts and virus on

material surfaces by AFM.

. Wrote the proposal for NIH, NSF grants.

. Collaboration with other department faculty.

2004-2005 Postdoctoral Fellow, Pennsylvania State University,

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

University Park, PA

Mentor: Professor Bruce E. Logan

. Molecular level analysis of macromolecule-surface interactions in

bacterial adhesion by AFM (NSF Project).

. Prepared the colloidal AFM probes to study the colloidal and

interfacial phenomena in bacterial adhesion and studied the

interaction forces between proteins and polysaccharides to understand

the role of biopolymers in bacterial adhesion by AFM technique.

. Used zeta-analyzer and UV spectrometry to assay the binding of

biomolecules on surfaces.

. Mentor of the graduate students in research works.

2003. Postdoctoral Researcher, University of California,

Irvine, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material

Science, Irvine, CA

Mentor: Professor James Earthman, Dr. Peggy Arps,

. Studied the biofouling and corrosion control of materials using

regenerative biofilms in industrial water systems (EPRI project).

. Characterized materials surfaces and corrosion rates using

electrochemical techniques (e.g., EIS, EN, DC polarization) and SEM-

EDX.

. Studied the roles of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of

biofilms in biocorrosion.

. Studied hydrogen production from wastewater for use in the fuel cell.

. Mentor of the undergraduate and graduate students in research works.

2001. PhD candidate, The University of Hong Kong

. Studied the microbiologically influenced corrosion of materials.

. Developed AFM to study biocorrosion of steels, bacterial adhesion and

biofilms formation.

. Characterized bacterial surface and biofilms structure under various

environmental systems using AFM, SEM and XPS.

. Characterized the exopolymers structures of bacteria to reveal the

role of exopolymers in biocorrosion using FTIR, XPS, GC-MS,

electrochemical techniques, and NMR.

. Teaching the course: Water Analysis

. Mentor of undergraduate students in research works.

1994-1997 Lecturer and Researcher, East China University of

Science and Technology

. Teaching the courses: corrosion fundamental theory; surface

technology; industrial water treatment.

. Electrochemical study and surface treatment of materials to enhance

the materials properties.

. Developed corrosion inhibitors used in industrial water treatment and

automobiles.

. Studied the electroless plating techniques (Ni-P, Ni-P-Si3N4, and Ni-

Mo-P) to enhance the mechanical and corrosion resistance of materials.

. Studied the industrial water treatment and desalination technology.

. Tutor of the course: Principles of Chemical Engineering.

PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

. Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society

2004-2009

. American Chemical Society

2004-present

. Society for Biomaterials

2006-present

REVIEWER FOR THE JOURNALS AND BOOKS

. Langmuir

. Microbiology

. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

. Environmental Science & Technology

. Journal of Biomedical Material Research

. Polymers for Vascular and Urogenital Applications (Book, 2012)

GRANT FUNDS

. Bacterial Adhesion on Segmented Polyurethane Biomaterial Surfaces.

Department of Surgery Feasibility Grant, 2009-2013 (PI)

. Protein Adsorption and Activity on Phase Separated Polymers. NSF, 2008-

2011, Co-investigator.

. Enhancing the biocompatibility by textured biomaterial surface (R21),

PI, in submission

. Protein behavior on textured polymers, (NSF) Co-PI, in submission

VISA STATUS

. US Permanent resident (green card)

PUBLICATIONS

Journals:

1. L.C. Xu, C.A. Siedlecki. Staphylococcal epidermidis RP62A Adhesion on

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Micron and Submicron Structured

Biomaterial Surfaces. Submitted to Journal of Biomedical Material

Research, Part A 2013

2. Tugba Ozdemir, Lichong Xu, Christopher Siedlecki, Justin Brown.

RhoA/ROCK and Myosin synergy is necessary for cytoskeletal tension

regulated early differentiation signals of osteoprogenitors on

extracellular matrix analogous topography. Integrative Biology, in

press.

3. L.C. Xu, C. A. Siedlecki. The effects of plasma proteins on S.

epidermidis adhesion on polyurethane biomaterial surfaces. Journal of

Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 2012, 3(4A), 487-498

4. E.S. Gil, L. Wu, L.C. Xu, T.L. Lowe. ?-Cyclodextrin-poly(?-Amino

Ester) Nanoparticles for Sustained Drug Delivery across the Blood-

Brain Barrier. Biomacromolecules. 2012. 13(11), 3533-41.

5. L.-C. Xu, C.A., Siedlecki, Submicron-Textured Biomaterial Surface

Reduces Staphylococcal Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation. Acta

Biomaterialia, 2012, 8(1), 72-81.

6. Y.H Xing, Y. Gu, L.-C. Xu,, C.A. Siedlecki, H.J. Donahue, and J. You,

Lipid rafts are involved in fluid flow induced calcium signalings on

osteoblasts. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2011, 226, 2350-2359.

7. L.-C. Xu, C.A., Siedlecki. Microphase separation affect protein

adsorption on poly(urethane urea) surfaces. Journal of Biomedical

Material Research, Part A, 2010, 92A, 126-136

8. L.C. Xu, J. Runt, C.A. Siedlecki, Dynamics of Hydrated Polyurethane

Biomaterials: Surface Microphase Restructuring, Protein Activity and

Platelet Adhesion. Acta Biomaterialia, 2010, 6, 1938-1947.

9. L.-C. Xu, C.A. Siedlecki, Atomic force microscopy studies of the

initial interactions between fibrinogen and surfaces. Langmuir, 2009,

25, 3675-3681.

10. L.-C. Xu, C.A., Siedlecki. Effect of Surface Wettability and Contact

time on Protein Adhesion to Biomaterial Surfaces. Biomaterials, 2007,

28, 3273-3283.

11. R. Hernandez, J. Weksler, A. Padsalgikar, E. Hung, J. S. Lin, L.-C.

Xu, C.A. Siedlecki, and J. Runt. A comparative study of the phase

organization of model segmented polyurethanes with different segmental

compatibility. Macromolecules, 2008, 41,9767-9776.

12. J. C. Hansen, J.Y. Lim, L-C Xu, C.A. Siedlecki, David T. Mauger, and

Henry J. Donahue. Effect of surface nanoscale topography on elastics

modulus of individual osteoblastic cells as determined by atomic force

microscopy. J. Biomechanics. 2007, 40, 2865-2871.

13. L.-C. Xu, Pranav Soman, James Runt, Christopher A. Siedlecki.

Characterization of Surface Microphase Structures of Poly(urethane

urea) Biomaterials by Nanoscale Indentation with AFM. J. Biomater.

Sci. Polymer Edn. 2007, 18, 353-368.

14. L.-C. Xu and B. E. Logan, Adhesion Forces between Functionalized Latex

Microsphere and Protein-Coated surface using a Colloid Probe Atomic

Force Microscope, Colloids and Surface Science B, 2006, 48, 84-94.

15. L.-C. Xu and B.E. Logan, Interaction forces measured using AFM between

colloids and surfaces coated with both dextran and protein. Langmuir,

2006, 22, 4720-4727.

16. L.-C. Xu and B.E. Logan, Interaction forces between colloids and

protein-coated surfaces measured using an atomic force microscope.

Environmental Science & Technology 2005, 39, 3592-3600.

17. L.-C. Xu, V. Vadillo-Rodriguez and B.E Logan, Residence time, loading

force, pH and ionic strength affect adhesion forces between colloids

and biopolymer-coated surfaces. Langmuir. 2005, 21, 7491-7500.

18. L.-C. Xu, J.C. Earthman and P.J. Arps, Long-term field studies

indicate decreased corrosion of brass specimens exposed to aerobic

biofilm-forming bacteria In preparation for Corrosion.

19. H.H.P. Fang, L.-C. Xu, T. Zhang, Study of marine biocorrosion using

AFM and molecular techniques. Electrochemistry, 2003, 9 (2), 164-169

20. K.-Y Chan, L.-C. Xu, H. H.P. Fang, Anaerobic electrochemical corrosion

of mild steel in the presence of extracellular polymeric substances

produced by a culture enriched in sulfate-reducing bacteria,

Environmental Science & Technology. 2002, 36(8) 1720-1727.

21. H. H.P. Fang, L.-C. Xu, K.-Y. Chan, Effects of toxic metals and

chemicals on biofilm structure and biocorrosion, Water Research, 2002,

36, 4709-4716.

22. L.-C. Xu, K.-Y. Chan, H. H.P. Fang, Application of atomic force

microscopy (AFM) for study of microbiologically influenced corrosion,

Material Characterization, 2002, 48, 195-203.

23. H. H.P. Fang, K.-Y. Chan, L.-C. Xu, Quantification of bacterial

adhesion forces using atomic force microscopy ( AFM), Journal of

Microbiological Methods. 2000, 40, 89-97.

24. H. H.P. Fang, L.-C. Xu, K.-Y. Chan, Influence of Cr3+ on Microbial

Cluster Formation in Biofilm and on Steel Corrosion, Biotechnology

Letters, 2000, 22, 801-805.

25. L.-C. Xu, H. H.P. Fang, K.-Y. Chan, Atomic Force Microscopy Study of

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Mild Steel, Journal of the

Electrochemical Society 1999, 146, 4455-4460.

26. L.-C.Xu, Zhong-Xing Chen, Zhi-Wei Ma, Qiang Song,The Preparation of Zn-

Cr Film and Its Corrosion Resistance, Corrosion and Protection

(Chinese), 1998, 19(3), 108-110

27. L.-C. Xu, Zhu Lu, Ling-Ling Cai, Ice Crystal Growth Rate in Sea Water

Under Vacuum Freezing, Technology of Water Treatment (Chinese), 1997,

23(5), 280-284

28. L.-C. Xu, Ying-Chun Li, Zhu Lu, Study of Electroless Ni-P-Si3N4

Coating and Its Characterization, Material Protection (Chinese), 1996,

30(11), 9-12

29. L.-C. Xu, Zhu Lu, Desalination by Vacuum Freezing-Vapor Condensation,

Technology of Water Treatment (Chinese), 1996, 22(1), 29-34

30. N. Ma, L.-C. Xu, Z. Lu, Study of electroless wastewater treatment,

Water Cleaning Technology (Chinese), 1996, 56 (2), 5-7.

31. Zhu Lu, L.-C. Xu, The Current Status and Prospect of Freezing

Desalination Technology, Technology of Water Treatment (Chinese),

1994, 20(3), 140-145

32. L.-C. Xu, Z. Lu, J.-P. Xia, New technology of desalination by vacuum

freezing, Water Cleaning Technology (Chinese), 1994, 50(4), 3-6.

33. Z. Lu, L.-C. Xu., Development of Desalination Technology- in review.

Water Cleaning Technology (Chinese), 1993, 49(3), 3-7.

34. L.-C. Xu, G. Zhang, Z. Lu, Blackening electroless Ni-P coating and its

characterization. Plating and Finishing (Chinese), 19993, 15(3), 15-

18.

Book Chapter:

1. Invited book chapter on Bacterial Adhesion and Interaction with

Biomaterial Surfaces. In Biointerfaces- Where Material Meets Biology.

2014.

2. L.C. Xu, P. Soman, B.M. Sheetz, C.A. Siedlecki. Measurement of Time-

Dependent Functional Activity of Adsorbed Fibrinogen and platelet

Adhesion on Material Surfaces. ACS Symposium Series 1120, Proteins at

Interfaces III State of the Art. Editors: Thomas Horbett, John L.

Brash, Willem Norde. ACS, Washington DC. 2012, 373-394

3. L.C. Xu, C.A. Siedlecki, Atomic Force Microscopy, in book:

Comprehensive Biomaterials. Ducheyen, P., Healy, K.E. Hutmacher, D.W.,

Grainger, D.W., Kirkpatrick, C. J. Published by Elsevier, 2011

Volume 3, 23-35.

4. L.C. Xu, P. Soman, A. Agnihotri, C.A. Siedlecki, AFM Methods for

Characterizing Protein Interactions with Microphase-Spearated

Polyurethane Biomaterials, in Book: Biological Interactions on

Materials Surfaces: Understanding and Controlling Protein, Cell, and

Tissue Responses, D.A. Puleo, R. Bizios, editors, published by

Springer. July, 2009, Page 43-67.

Research Report:

1. P.J. Arps, J. E. Earthman, L.-C. Xu, Corrosion Control Using

Regenerative Biofilms (CCURB), Field Evaluation, Phase 3. Technical

Report, #1009396, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, 2004.

2. P.J. Arps, L-C Xu. Corrosion Monitoring and Characterization of

Protective Biofilms and Their Extracellular Polymeric Substances.

NACE/ONR Final Report. June 2005. (T1)

Conferences:

Invited Talk:

1. Characterization of Protein Adsorption on Microphase Separated

Biomaterial Surfaces using AFM, 38th ACS Middle Atlantic Regional

Meeting (MARM), June 4-7, 2006, Hershey, PA

Oral Presentations:

2. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher A. Siedlecki. Bacterial Adhesion Inhibition

by Submicron Textured

Biomaterial Surfaces. The Stevens Conference: The 2nd conference on

Bacteria-Material Interactions. Jun 5-6, 2013. Hoboken, NJ.

3. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher A. Siedlecki. Atomic force microscopy study

of coagulation Factor XII interaction with Factor XI autoactivation on

hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Society for Biomaterials 2013

Annual Meeting. Apr. 10-13, 2013, Boston, MA.

4. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher A. Siedlecki, Staphylococcal epidermidis

RP62A adhesion on hydrophobic and hydrophilic micron textured

biomaterial surfaces. Society for Biomaterials 2012 Annual Meeting,

Oct 4-6, 2012, New Orleans, LA.

5. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher A. Siedlecki Inhibition of Stapholococcal

Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation by Textured Biomaterial

Surface. 9th World Biomaterials Congress, Chengdu, China, June 1-5,

2012.

6. Li-Chong Xu, Bryan M. Scheetz, Christopher A. Siedlecki. Correlation

of Fibrinogen Functional Activity and Platelet Adhesion on Biomaterial

Surfaces. 9th World Biomaterials Congress, Chengdu, China, June 1-5,

2012.

7. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher A. Siedlecki, Textured Biomaterial Surface

Reduce Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation, Society for

Biomaterials 2011 Annual Meeting and Exposition, April 13-16, 2011 in

Orlando, FL

8. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher A. Siedlecki. Effect of Protein Adsorption on

Staphylococcus Epidermidis RP62A Adhesion and Interaction with

Platelets on Polyurethane Biomaterial Surfaces Society for

Biomaterials 2010 Annual Meeting and Exposition, April 21-24, 2010,

Seattle, Washington.

9. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher A. Siedlecki, Fibronectin Influences

Staphylococcus Epidemidis RP62A Adhesion and Interaction with

Platelets on Polyurethane Biomaterial Surfaces, 56th Annual conference

of ASAIO, May 27-29, 2010, Baltimore.

10. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher Siedlecki, Atomic Force Microscopy Study of

Protein Interactions with Microphase Separated Polyurethane

Biomaterial Surfaces. Material Research Society Fall Meeting, 2009,

Nov 30, Dec 4, 2009, Boston.

11. Li-Chong Xu, James Runt, Christopher A. Siedlecki. Characteristics of

microphase segmented polyurethane biomaterials during hydration: phase

restructuring, protein adsorption and platelet adhesion. Society For

Biomaterials 2009 Annual Meeting April 22-25, 2009, San Antonio.

12. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher A. Siedlecki, Characterization of Microphase

Nanostructures of Polyurethane Biomaterials Under Aqueous Environment

and Protein Adsorption on Surfaces by AFM. NERM 2008, ACS Regional

Meeting. Burlington, VT, June 29-July 2, 2008.

13. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher A. Siedlecki, Surface Microphase Structures

of Poly(urethane urea) Biomaterials and Protein Adhesion, Society For

Biomaterials 2007 Annual Meeting April 18-21, 2007, Chicago.

14. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher A. Siedlecki, Effects of Surface Wettability

and Contact Time on Protein Adhesion to Biomaterial Surfaces. 53rd

ASAIO Annual Conference, June 7-9, 2007, Chicago.

15. Li-Chong Xu, Christopher A. Siedlecki, Characterization of Microphase

Separation Structure and Protein Adhesion on Polyurethane Biomaterial

Surfaces. Nanoscale IV International Conference, Philadelphia, PA,

Jul. 17-20, 2006.

16. Li-Chong Xu, Pranav Soman, Aashiish Agnihotri, James Runt, Christopher

A. Siedlecki, Characterization of Surface Microphase Structures of

Poly(urethane urea) Biomaterials by Nanoscale Indentation with AFM.

Society For Biomaterials 2006 Annual Meeting April 26-29, 2006,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

17. L.-C. Xu, B.E. Logan. Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Interactions

between Protein and Colloids. 78th ACS Colloid Conference, June 17-20,

2004, Yale University.

18. P.J. Arps, L-C. Xu, T. K. Wood, F. Mansfeld, B. C. Syrett, and J. C.

Earthman, Field Evaluation of Corrosion Control Using Regenerative

Biofilms (CCURB), Paper No. 03174, Corrosion/2003, NACE.

Poster Presentations:

19. Li-Chong Xu, C.A. Siedlecki, Adsorption and Activity of Fibrinogen on

Polyurethane Biomaterials Surfaces in the Presence of Other Proteins,

Society for Biomaterials 2010 Annual Meeting and Exposition, April 21-

24, 2010, Seattle, Washington.

20. Li-Chong Xu, J. Weksler, A. Padsalgikar, J. Runt, C.A. Siedlecki,

Nanostructured polyurethane biomaterials and protein adsorption and

platelet adhesion on surfaces. ACS 235th National Meeting, New

Orleans, LA. Apr 6-10, 2008.

21. Li-Chong Xu, Pranav Soman, Jadwiga Weksler, Ajay Padsalgikar, James

Runt, Christopher A. Siedlecki. Protein Adsorption and Platelet

Adhesion on Polyurethane Biomaterial Surfaces. Biophysical Society

Annual Meeting, Mar, 2008, Long Beach, CA.

22. Li-Chong Xu, C.A. Siedlecki, Surface wettability, contact time,

loading force, and loading rate affect protein adhesion on surfaces

studied by AFM. ACS 235th National Meeting, New Orleans, LA. Apr 6-10,

2008.

23. P. Soman, L.-C. Xu, C A. Siedlecki, Temporal changes in functional

activity of adsorbed fibrinogen measured by adhesion mode AFM, ACS

235th National Meeting, New Orleans, LA. Apr 6-10, 2008.

24. P.J. Arps, J.Y Le, L-C Xu, M-Y. Wang, J-S.Chang, B.H. Olson, Assessing

Biohydrogen Production Capabilities in Secondary Clarifier and

Anaerobic Digester Sludge, Water Environment Federation's Annual

Technical Exhibition and Conference, WEFTEC.07, San Diego, October 13-

17, 2007

25. Pham, A. H., Wang, M.Y., Le, J.Y., Lai, A.J., Xu, L.-C., Arps, P.J.

and Olson, B.H. 2007. Effect of a Methane Inhibitor, Sodium 2-

Bromoethanesulfonate (BES), on Hydrogen Production in Primary and

Secondary Sludge Batch Reactors. American Society for Microbiology,

`07th Annual Meeting, May 2007.

26. L.C Xu, P.J. Arps, and J.C. Earthman. Corrosion Inhibiting Biofilms.

Gordon Conference on Aqueous Corrosion, New London, NH, July 25-29,

2004.

27. L.C. Xu, P.J. Arps, T.K. Wood, and J.C. Earthman. Corrosion Control

Using Regenerative Biofilms at Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant.

Poster at the Gordon Conference on Aqueous Corrosion, New London, NH,

July 14-18, 2002.

28. Li-Chong Xu, Herbert H.P. Fang, Kwong-Yu Chan, Characterization of

Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Marine Biofilm using X-ray

Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), International Specialized Conference

on BIOFILM MONITORING, March 18-20, 2002, Porto - Portugal

29. Li-Chong Xu, Kwong-Yu Chan, Herbert H.P. Fang, Influence of Toxic

Metals/Chemicals on Microbial Cluster Formation in Biofilm and on

Steel Corrosion, Presented at The 199th Meeting of The Electrochemical

Society, Mar. 25-30, 2001, Washington D.C.

30. Li-Chong Xu, Kwong-Yu Chan, Herbert H.P. Fang. Application of atomic

force microscopy for study of microbiologically influenced corrosion,

Presented at The International Union Of materials Research Societies-

6th International Conference in Asia, Symposia E: Scanning Probe

Microscopy for Materials Characterization. Hong Kong, July, 2000.

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