Project Data
Resume:
Initial Design of an LADM-based *D Cadastre Case Study from Korea
Dong-Hoon JEONG, Bong-Bae JANG, Ji-Yeong LEE, So-Il HONG, Republic of Korea,
Peter VAN OOSTEROM, Kees DE ZEEUW, Jantien STOTER, Christiaan LEMMEN
and Jaap ZEVENBERGEN, The Netherlands
Key words: 3D Cadastre, LADM, Korea, Standards, cadastral modeling
SUMMARY
Korea and The Netherlands have started a 3 year cooperation covering joint research, capacity
building and international advisory in the domain of cadastre and land administration with a
special focus on 3D developments. At the Korean side the Korea Cadastral Survey
Corporation and the University of Seoul are involved, while at the Netherlands side the
Kadaster, Delft University of Technology, and the University of Twente (ITC) are involved.
These partners have been active during the last decade in a range of cadastre, 3D GIS, and
related investigations, pilots, tests, etc.
The Republic of Korea has also formulated a policy of a 3D NSDI (National Spatial Data
Infrastructure), which forms the context for further cadastre developments. Similarly, in the
last two to three years in the Netherlands a national 3D pilot has been conducted resulting
among others in the inclusion of 3D in model of the BGT (base register for large scale
topography). These are excellent environments to design 3D cadastral solutions as the 3D
cadastral parcels (3D legal spaces) are often related to (planned) physical objects; such as
buildings, tunnels, pipelines and other constructions. For reference (and consistency) purposes
the 3D legal objects and their 3D physical counterparts should be associated. This implies at
least two aspects: 1. the 3D physical object descriptions (topographic objects) should exists,
which is not obvious as in most countries the large scale topographic base map is still 2D, and
2. the topographic objects should be usable and reference-able even when the data is
maintained by other organizations. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM, ISO
19152) supports SDI implementations as the information infrastructure requires in the model
(and the system that maintains data within the model): unique id s for all objects, full database
history (versioning), and blueprints of external classes. This besides the fact the standard
provides the semantics of land administration data to other users within the SDI.
After completing the first step the Korean 3D Cadastre Pilot Project, with focus on describing
use cases and collecting 3D data for selected cases to populate the prototype systems to gain
experience and support, the second step must now further provide a 3D cadastre application
model (together with a legal and systemic alignment strategy). In the context of the reform of
the Korean cadastre we (further) investigate the potential use of the ISO LADM standard, for
both 2D and 3D representation. This paper presents our plans for the design of an LADM-
based 3D extension to the cadastral registration in Korea. Note that in Annex D9 of the ISO
LADM, 2012, there is already a very first version of a Korean country profile.
159
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre
Case Study from Korea
Dong-Hoon JEONG, Bong-Bae JANG, Ji-Yeong LEE, So-Il HONG, Republic of Korea,
Peter VAN OOSTEROM, Kees DE ZEEUW, Jantien STOTER, Christiaan LEMMEN
and Jaap ZEVENBERGEN, The Netherlands
1. INTRODUCTION
The 3D cadastre system in Korea is under development with the overall aim of implementing
comprehensive land administration and management practices including management of
resources on the surface and above ground as well as below ground at the national level. The
increasing value of land and development of architecture- and construction-related technology
has led to a growing demand for multi-dimensional land use methods.
The Cadastre Reform Project started in this year in Korea. This comprehensive reform
includes the implementation of a 3D cadastre and a review of the approach for registration for
the underground space and facilities (Lemmen, 2012). The 3D cadastre will be implemented
nation-wide. Since 2009, the Korean Cadastral Survey Corporation (KCSC) has carried out
research projects involving 8 different regions in Seoul (Jeong et al, 2011). Using
multidimensional cadastral land survey data, these projects succeeded in registering the 3D
dimensions of these property areas in the cadastral system. In 2011 KCSC completed a pilot
project related to the establishment of an underground mall in close cooperation with the
Seoul metropolitan government (Seoul Government, 2009, 2011a and 2011b).
A co-operation between Korea and The Netherlands started in April 2012 in Amsterdam with
the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding for sharing knowledge and experience in
cadastre and the land administration domain. At the Korean side the Korea Cadastral Survey
Corporation (KCSC) and the University of Seoul, Department of Geo-informatics are
involved, while at the Netherlands side the Kadaster, Delft University of Technology, and the
University of Twente (ITC) are involved. A joint research and development (R&D) project
related to the realization of 3D cadastre is the main focus of this international co-operation.
Further main activities are organizing events, and capability building to support the
application of appropriate information and data communication technology, GIS and remote
sensing with regard to input and output of land related information and 3D cadastral systems.
The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is in stage of final approval and is
expected to be available by the end of 2012. The development of the standard started in 2008
with the submission of a New Working Item Proposal by the International Federation of
Surveyors (FIG) to ISO TC211 on Geographic information/Geomatics. The development of a
3D cadastre can be based on the conceptual model of the LADM.
In this paper, we wish to seek the 3D cadastre implementation direction that aligns the
implementation of this international standard with the results of research and the pilot projects
160
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
in Korea. In section 2 the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) of Korea is briefly
introduced. And the status of legal development and the institutional improvement to achieve
a 3D cadastre is discussed in this section. Section 3 introduces the Land Administration
Domain Model, with a focus on 3D cadastral functionality and requirement related to working
within an information infrastructure (or to be more specific an SDI). Section 4 proposes
alignment between LADM and the development of a 3D cadastre in Korea based on the
experiences and functional requirements derived from the comprehensive pilot project. The
paper ends with conclusions.
2. CURRENT STATUS OF THE 3D CADASTRE IN KOREA
2.1 Cadastre in the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)
Article 12 of the Korean National Spatial Data Infrastructure Law describes the SDI
management. According to this Article, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs
is in charge for selecting the SDI components and for the construction of databases for
utilization in society. The current SDI datasets consist of coastlines, administrative boundaries,
road and railroad boundaries, river boundaries, cadastre, buildings, aerial photographs, a
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Geodetic Control Points (GCPs).
The Korean government is building the SDI since 2001 and integrating the information
scattered over many organizations. Spatial datasets for preservation purposes, with data on
forest, national cultural heritage (most famous Korean temples, statues and national treasures),
coast information, etc., are under construction. Further, the government plans to maximize the
utilization of the National Spatial Information Integrated System (NSIIS) through
development and dissemination of applications. The NSIIS provides the spatial information in
the form of an OpenAPI rather than raw data, and also supports mash-up and mobile services.
Figure 1 shows how the Korea Land Information System (KLIS) is connected to the NSIIS.
Venture companies which develop mobile applications by utilizing the OpenAPI are able to
generate new businesses at a lower cost.
The government is embedding various types of spatial information (including SDI) into the
National Spatial Information Open Platform (NSIOP) to service via the 3D Web environment
named Vworld (see Figure 2). A pilot version of the NSIOP service was launched in January
2012, and seamless cadastral maps and zoning districts with national coverage are accessible
since July 2012. Other 2D data concern data on infrastructure such as roads, water,
telecommunications, electricity, drawings, use districts, forest areas, river basins, spatial
planning, environmental impact assessment, and land cover classification. Recently created
are the 3D data like 3D geo-referenced images, topography (DEM), and building models (see
Figure 2). The yellow line in this figure is the 2D cadastral boundary ; the representation of
those boundaries will be changed to 3D in the near future.
2.2 Results of the3D cadastre pilot project
As an output of the pilot project (Jeong et al, 2011; Seoul Government, 2009, 2011a and
2011b), the Seoul government has delivered the Task guideline for the condominium
leasehold right, which has been implemented in this year. The objective of this guideline is to
161
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
clarify ownership- and use rights for a systematic and efficient management of the
underground public facilities based on accurate surveying of their 3D location. This guideline
urges to fill in the registration form as shown in Figure 3 with location map, detailed drawing,
cross-sectional view and stereoscopic view when establishing condominium leasehold right.
Until last year, there were no appropriate criteria about reference frame or authorities to
manage this kind of rights. Different organizations used different types of drawings to
establish condominium leasehold right. And for the underground space, Seoul government
made a 'underground space registration form' and recommends it to affiliated organizations
such as the Subway Corporation and urban developers to use it.
Figure 1. Functionality of National Spatial Information Integrated System of Korea
Figure 2. 3D Web service of the National Spatial Information Open Platform named Vworld
162
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
Use
ID
Parcel
Addres Area
No.
Setup Area Setup Scope ManageOr
Period
Purpose g.
Location map Detaieddrawing
Stereoscopicview
Sectionalview
Coordinate
Point No.
Figure 3. Condominium leasehold right registration form
163
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
With this guideline, Seoul Government expects to manage underground shopping centers
more efficiently. The registration form is composed of a general section to state items for the
whole shopping center and individual sections with items for each shop. Seoul added the
underground shopping center information collected from the Uljiro Station during the pilot
project to the 'Real Estate Portal of Seoul' (http://land.seoul.go.kr) shown in Figures 4 and 5,
with attributes like address, name, toilets, exit gate number etc.
Figure 4. Underground shopping center in the Real Estate Portal of Seoul
Figure 5. Information of each shop in the Real Estate Portal of Seoul
Newly developed products through the pilot project such as the 'Condominium leasehold right
registration form' and the '3D cadastral surveying workers manual' are recommended to be
applied to the nationwide cadastre reform project based on the Cadastre Reform Project Law.
164
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
2.3 In the context of the Cadastral Reform Project Law
The cadastre reform project is a long-term national project which will run until the year 2030
and will involve approximately 38 million land parcels being resurveyed. The project will
comprise three different approaches. Firstly, in areas with frequent boundary complaints and
disputes between neighbors, KCSC will readjust the boundaries in their entirety through
cadastral resurvey. This accounts for 15% of all land parcels. The second approach concerns
13% of all land parcels, namely those undergoing urban development or rural redevelopment:
existing cadastral data associated with the area will gradually be improved by creating new
cadastral maps after completion of the project. This is called cadastral confirmation
surveying . Lastly, the remaining 72% of land parcels will gradually be surveyed by
superimposing cadastral maps and high-resolution aerial photographs so that the maps can be
matched with ground boundaries based on the global coordinates system. This is a conversion
from the Tokyo Coordinate System to the International Terrain Reference Frame (ITRF).
3D spatial data will be constructed as a part of the reform project aiming at the establishment
of the Korean 3D cadastre. New cadastral registration items are defined in the enforcing rules
(No.14, Article 13) of the Cadastral Reform Project Law. According to the rules, a person
who is in charge of registration could record a condominium leasehold right of a parcel. Then
it can be displayed with constructions laying above/underground in 3D and combined with the
status of the rights. According to Article 10 of the law, the collection of parcel information
(i.e. items of the new cadastre registration book) could be conducted in parallel to the
cadastral resurvey. Article 4 of the enforcing rules defines the 'formation sheet to collect
parcel information'. In this sheet, the relevant part for the establishment of 3D cadastre is the
'status of underground facility', with a set of attributes: the related parcel number, facility
name, condominium leasehold right (purpose, area, scope, period), classification (railway,
managing facility, connection path, shop, permission), etc.
When this comprehensive land administration, including management of resources on the
surface, above and below ground at national level, is available, it is expected that KCSC is
even better able to take advantage of this comprehensive set of information on land, for
example to minimize land boundary disputes. Standardization for the registration of facilities
installed in 3D space is required as part of the reform such as official surveying method of
underground constructions and the establishment of condominium leasehold right.
3. 3D CADASTRE ASPECTS IN THE LADM
In the context of cadastral reform Korea wants to examine in which way the LADM and its
basic classes spatial unit, party, RRR (right, restriction and responsibility) and basic
administrative unit (ISO, 2012) can be implemented. In this chapter the focus is on the spatial
unit package and the surveying and representation package of LADM; this is where the 3D
aspects in LADM occur; see ISO (2012). Further, specific attention is paid to aspects relevant
for information infrastructure (or NSDI) based implementation in LADM; this is a very
important aspect for Korea. In case of 3D parcels, there is in many cases a natural tendency to
relate this 3D cadastral object to the 3D real world object (or planned object); e.g. building
complex, tunnel, pipeline, etc. The 3D NSDI of Korea is providing an excellent framework to
165
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
realize this referencing between 3D cadastral and 3D real-world (topographic) objects.
V ersionedObject
+surveyor
featureType
Party::LA_Party
1..*
VersionedObject
+party 0..1 +rrr featureType
Administrative::LA_RRR
VersionedObject
0..*
+baunit
+rrr 1..* featureType
Administrativ e::
1 0..*
LA_BAUnit
VersionedObject
0..*
featureType
Spatial Unit::LA_RequiredRelationshipSpatialUnit
0..*
for polygon-based (2D) or
+ relationship: ISO19125_Type
polyhedron-based (3D)
spatial units: no minus and
at least one plus, for
VersionedObject
topology-based spatial units:
featureType at least one plus or minus
Surv eying and Representation::LA_BoundaryFaceString
0..* 0..*
+ bfsID: Oid 0..* 0..1
minus
+ geometry: GM_MultiCurve [0..1] 0..*
VersionedObject
+ locationByText: CharacterString [0..1] 0..* 0..*
0..* featureType
constraints plus 0..*
Spatial Unit::
{(count (geometry) + count (locationByText)) > 0 or count (point) >1} LA_SpatialUnit
0..* 0..*
0..*
0..* referencePoint 0..1 0..*
0,2..*
+point
{ordered}
See Annex B for a
VersionedObject more detailed minus plus
description of
featureType
boundary face strings
Surv eying and Representation::LA_Point
and boundary faces.
+ interpolationRole: LA_InterpolationType
+ monumentation: LA_MonumentationType [0..1] 0..* 0..*
0..1
+ originalLocation: GM_Point
VersionedObject
+ pID: Oid
0..*
+ pointType: LA_PointType = control featureType
+ /productionMethod: LI_Lineage [0..1] Surv eying and Representation::LA_BoundaryFace
0,3..*
+ transAndResult: LA _Transformation [0
{ordered}
+ bfID: Oid
+ getTransResult : GM_Point + geometry: GM_MultiSurface [0..1]
+ locationByText: CharaterString [0..1]
+sourcePoint 1..* constraints
{(count (geometry) + count (locationByText) > 0}
+source +source 0..*
0..*
LA_Source
0..* +source
featureType
0..*
Surv eying and Representation::
0..*
LA_SpatialSource
+source 0..*
+ measurements: OM_Observation [0
+ procedure: OM_Process [0..1]
+ type: LA_SpatialSourceType 0..*
0..*
datatype
Surv eying and Representation::
LA_Transformation
codeList codeList
codeList codeList + transformation:
Surv eying and Surv eying and
Surv eying and Surv eying and CC_OperationMethod
Representation:: Representation::
Representation:: Representation:: + transformedLocation:
LA_InterpolationType LA_PointType
LA_MonumentationType LA_SpatialSourceType GM_Point
Figure 6. LADM Surveying and Representation Package with associations to basic classes
3.1 3D Aspects in the Land Administration Domain Model
In order to support rights, restriction or responsibility (RRRs related to 3D spatial units),
which can be held by parties, there is a need for a legal basis (of course). Specific 3D RRR
types can be included in a code list (if needed and different from the 2D types). LADM also
166
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
supports mixed representation of 2D spatial units and 3D spatial units in a territory and
basedon thisalsogradually transition from 2D representations to 3D representations. It
shouldbenotedthat the LADM only covers the legal space . That is, the spacethat is relevant
for the registration and cadastre ( legal boundingbox of the object), which is usuallylargerthan the
physicalextent of the physicalobjectitself.
The Spatial Unit Package contains a.o. the classes LA_Spatial Unit and its specializations
LA_Legal Space Network and LA_Legal Space Building Unit. A spatial unit is a point (or
multi-point), a line (or multi-line), representing a single area (or multiple areas) of land (or
water) or, more specifically, a single volume of space (or multiple volumes of space). This is
where the 3D functionality comes in. Single areas (volumes) are the general case and multiple
areas (volumes) the exception. Spatial units support the creation and management of basic
administrative units. Those are administrative entities, subject to registration 1 (by law),
consisting of zero or more spatial units against which (one or more) unique and homogeneous
rights (e.g. ownership right or land use right), responsibilities or restrictions are associated to
the whole entity, as included in a land administration system. The Spatial Unit Package has a
Surveying and Spatial Representation Subpackage; see Figure 6, with classes such as:
LA_Point, LA_BoundayFace, LA_BoundaryFaceString and LA_SpatialSource.
LA_BoundaryFaceStringis a boundary, that is, a set of points thatrepresents the limit of an
entity (ISO 19107:2003, definition 4.4). A boundary face string is a boundaryforming part of
the outside of a spatial unit. Boundary face stringsareused to represent the boundaries of
spatial units via line strings in 2D. This 2D representationimplies in a 2D land administration
system a 2D boundary, or in a 3D land administration system a series of verticalboundaryfaces. In
that case an unboundedvolume is assumed, surrounded by boundaryfaces, whichintersect the
earth ssurface (such as traditionallydepicted on the 2D cadastral map). LA_BoundaryFace is a
boundary face, that is, a face that is used in the 3-dimensional representation of a boundary of
a spatial unit. Boundaryfacesareusedwhen the impliedvertical and unboundedfaces of a
boundary face stringare not sufficient to describe 3D spatial units.
Boundaryfacesclosevolumes in height (e.g. everyapartmentfloor), or in depth (e.g. an
undergroundparking garage), or in all otherdirections to form a boundedvolume. 2D and 3D
representations of spatial units useLA_BoundaryFaceStrings and LA_BoundaryFaces as
keyconcepts (see Figure 7). In manycountries, a 2D representation is interpreted as a 3D
prismaticvolume, with no upper and lowerbound. Using this interpretation, 2D and 3D
representations can be unified.
1
or recordation (by informal right, or customary right, or another social tenure relationship)
167
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
3D
3D
Liminal
2D
Liminal
3D
3D
3D
3D
3D
3D
Figure 7. Side view showing the mixed use of boundary face strings (two parcels on the left) and boundary
faces (other parcels) to define both bounded and unbounded 3D volumes (from ISO/TC211, 2012)
3.2 The Land Administration Domain Model and Spatial Data Infrastructure
Spatial data sets are most useful in the support of areas like decision making, management of
space, performance of government or business processes, when they are integrated in
governmental information infrastructures and architectures (Van Oosterom et al, 2009). The
basic idea behind data infrastructures is that it provides for tools giving easy access to
distributed databases to people who need those data for their own decision making processes
(Van der Molen, 2005). Although data infrastructures have a substantial component of
information technology, the most fundamental asset is the data itself, because without data
there is nothing to have access to, to be shared or to be integrated. Last decade it was
understood that the development of data infrastructures not only provided easy access to
distributed databases, but also gave good opportunities for re-thinking the role of information
supply for the performance of governments. Based on this starting point, the Streamlining
Key Data Programme of the Netherlands' government took the lead in the development and
implementation of a strategy for restructuring government information in such a way that an
electronic government evolves that (Van Duivenbode, 2003):
inconveniences the public and the business community with request for data only when
this is absolutely necessary;
offers them a rapid and good service;
cannot be misled;
instills the public and the industrial community with confidence;
is provided at a cost that is not higher than strictly necessary.
This implies availability of well-maintained links between spatial data sets and other basic
or key data sets, e.g. on addresses, persons, companies, buildings or land rights. Integrated
inter-organizational value chains and business process management with a reduction in
administrative overhead can be realized based on good co-operation. In general, solving the
problems in society requires more information than provided by one single data set. It is
evident that this type of data provision is complex in case data is stored at a variety of
locations and in data models specific to their applications (Van Oosterom et al 2009).
LA has important relationships with other key registers in the (spatial) information
infrastructure, some of which are spatial, e.g. topography or buildings (and as argued earlier,
168
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
even more so in case of large scale and 3D data), while others contain administrative
information, like names of persons, addresses or names of companies. It is therefore important
to have unambiguous definitions of the contents of these key registers in order to avoid
overlap and to enable re-use of information. Further, due to continuous updating of these
independent, but related, key registers care has to be taken to maintain consistency, not only
within one database, but also between databases. By re-using basic standards (for geometry,
temporal aspects, metadata, observations and measurements from the field), at least the
semantics of these fundamental parts of the model are well defined and can be shared. What is
needed in addition to this is domain specific standardization to capture the semantics of the
land administration domain on top of this agreed foundation (Van Oosterom et al 2009). In
this way information about land rights can be accessible from SDI. The SDI can provide a
platform for access to many other data sets; see for example Williamson et al (2010).
The construction of external databases with party data, address data, taxation data, land use
data, land cover data, valuation data, physical utility network data, and archive data, is outside
the scope of the LADM. However, the LADM provides stereotype classes ( blueprints ) for
these data sets, which indicate what data set elements the LADM expects from these external
sources, if available. This is a very relevant aspect in the context of a (developing) SDI
concept (see Figure 8). Taken from Annex K of the ISO LADM - Land Administration
Domain Model (ISO, 2012) associations between a. LA_LegalSpaceBuildingUnit (a
specialization of LA_SpatialUnit) and the external class ExtPhysicalBuildingUnit and b.
LA_LegalSpaceUtilityNetwork (again a specialization of LA_SpatialUnit) and the external
class ExtPhysicalUtilityNetwork are explicitly modelled. In addition to these modelling
activities, it is also the intention to investigate the visualization of (invisible) cadastral volume
units. In order to be able to refer to object instance level (possible maintained by different
parts/systems within the SDI), there must be unique object identifiers for all relevant object
classes. Within the LADM a generic data-type is available for that purpose:
LA_VersionedObject (and nearly all classes inherit from this top level class).
169
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
blueprint,featureType
V ersionedObject
External::ExtArchiv e
featureType
+ acceptance: DateTime [0..1]
Party::LA_Party
+ data: LocalisedCharacterString
+ recordation: DateTime [0..1]
+ sID: Oid
codeList
+ submission: DateTime [0..1]
External::
VersionedObject ExtValuationType
featureType VersionedObject + market
Administrative::LA_RRR
+ refered
blueprint,featureType
External::ExtValuation
+ value: Currency
+ valueDate: DateTime
VersionedObject VersionedObject + valueType: ExtValuationType
ISO 4217 is used for
blueprint,featureType featureType list of currencies in the
External::ExtParty Administrativ e::LA_BAUnit ISO 19103 Currency
VersionedObject
+ extAddressID: ExtAddress [0
blueprint,featureType
+ fingerprint: Image [0..1]
External::ExtTaxation
+ name: CharacterString [0..1]
codeList
+ partyID: Oid + amount: Currency
External::ExtTaxType
+ photo: Image [0..1] + taxDate: DateTime
+ signature: Image [0..1] + taxType: ExtTaxType + building
+ land
+ realEstate
VersionedObject
VersionedObject
blueprint,featureType
External::ExtAddress blueprint,featureType
codeList
External::ExtLandUse
External::
+ addressAreaName: CharacterString [0..1]
VersionedObject ExtLandUseType
+ addressCoordinate: GM_Point [0..1] + type: ExtLandUseType
+ addressID: Oid featureType + agriculture
+ buildingName: CharacterString [0..1] Spatial Unit::LA_SpatialUnit + housing
+ buildingNumber: CharacterString [0..1] VersionedObject
+ industry
+ city: CharacterString [0..1]
+ nature
blueprint,featureType
+ country: CharacterString [0..1]
+ recreation
External::ExtLandCov er
+ postalCode: CharacterString [0..1]
+ postBox: CharacterString [0..1] + type: ExtCoverageType
+ state: CharacterString [0..1] codeList
+ streetName: CharacterString [0..1] External::
ExtCov erageType
VersionedObject
+ forest
featureType blueprint,featureType + grass
Spatial Unit:: External::
CI_Address (from ISO 19115) + water
LA_LegalSpaceUtilityNetw ork ExtPhysicalUtilityNetw ork
or the INSPIRE address
specification are options for
+ directed: boolean
realizing ExtAddress.
+ extPartyManagerID: ExtParty
VersionedObject
featureType
blueprint,featureType
Spatial Unit::
External::ExtPhysicalBuildingUnit
LA_LegalSpaceBuildingUnit
+ extAddressID: ExtAddress [0..1]
Figure 8. External LADM classes
The need for 3D representation is identified. The next dimension is time: there is a need to
include time to reconstruct history, to be integratable in SDI, to manage events in
maintenance processes and to reflect reality in case of temporal rights. Spatial units with
different accuracies, dimensions and representations should be possible to include. This
implies a range of spatial units should be possible. One more reason to include the temporal
dimension (3D + time) is the need for information assurance within SDI: both current and
historic versions are always accessible. Although the related objects, for example persons in
case of a LAS, are not the primary purpose of the registration, the whole LA production
process (both update and delivery of LA information) does depend on the availability and
quality of the data at the remote server. Information assurance is needed to make sure that the
primary process of the LA organization is not harmed by disturbances elsewhere and vice
versa (e.g. one cannot simply update the LAS when this creates dangling references ; at least
the reference should then be pointing to the old version). This is the first and main reason to
170
Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
include temporal (database history) support in an SDI setting. In addition, remote (or
distributed) systems or users may not only be interested in the current state of objects, but
they may need a historic version of these objects e.g. for taxation or valuation purposes. So
even if the organization responsible for the maintenance of the objects is not interested in
history, the distributed use may require this (as a kind of temporal availability assurance ).
The total set of goals (goals can be distributed over organizations) has to be considered. In
conclusion, an LA domain model needs the temporal dimension especially in an SDI context.
The conceptual model of the LADM provides the required temporal support. The LADM
covers both event based modeling, and state based modeling.
In event based modelling, transactions are modelled as separate entities within the system.
The event is represented by an instance of LA_Source. In state based modelling, all states (or
versions) are modelled explicitly: every object is assigned (at least) two dates/times which
indicate the time interval during which the object is recorded in the system as actual version.
It is straightforward to obtain the state at a given moment in time, by selecting the object
based on a time interval (tmin-tmax).
4 EXAMINING THE CONTENTS OF A 3D CADASTRE IN KOREA
4.1 Framework of 3D Cadastre
Understanding various preconditions and essential contents is crucial for the purpose of
introducing the re-conceptualization of the cadastre to a 3D cadastre. Figure 9 shows the
framework for applications of 3D cadastre. The system consists of four fundamental elements
including Definition of 3D Cadastre, Subjects of 3D Cadastre, Objects of 3D Cadastre
and Forms of 3D cadastre, which are interrelated with each other.
Figure 9. Framework for application of 3D cadastre
In order to re-define the cadastre in Korea, the re-definition should reflect the historical
changes of 3D cadastre components, and be compatible to the LADM basic classes, especially
RRR (rights, restrictions, and responsibilities). Based on the definition of 3D cadastre, the
objects of 3D cadastre will be defined. The objects of 3D cadastre include 3D parcels, 3D
right spaces and 3D physical facility objects. The objects should reflect spatial objects related
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Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
to parcels dealt with by public sectors in Korea, as well the objects of LADM or foreign 3D
cadastres. The subjects of 3D cadastre mean horizontal and hierarchical organizational
structures which are linked to cadastre administration organizations in the public sectors as
the center of the organization's network. The public corporations or the circles of horizontal
and organizational structure are mentioned as the subjects of 3D cadastre. Moreover, cadastral
surveying companies and associations can be considered as the subject of 3D cadastre too.
Therefore, subject of 3D cadastre means interrelated partnerships between government
organizations and private stokeholder. The form of 3D cadastre means legal registration forms
for the efficient management of space and for the protection of the property right of people .
4.2 Alignment with LADM
As mentioned before the next generation cadastral system will be realized through the
ongoing cadastral reform project. The functional requirements for the new system are
available in LADM:
- the newly developed cadastral (spatial) system should be linked with the existing cadastral
administrative system, and moreover linked and utilized with other relevant land
administrative systems. The 3D cadastral system should not only cover positional
information (x,y,z) about registration objects but also rights information such as
ownership, surface rights, servitude, leasehold interest on real property and so on.
Moreover, the system has to include a lot of useful functions to provide the services
immediately to the general public as well as experts. This is possible in LADM with its
party package, administrative package and spatial unit package (with a surveying and
representation sub-package). (Sub)packages facilitate the maintenance of different data
sets by different organizations. The complete model may therefore be implemented
through a distributed set of (geo-) information systems, each supporting data maintenance
activities and the provision of elements of the model (and this might function especially
very well in the context of an SDI or information infrastructure setting). The model may
also be implemented by one or more maintenance organizations, operating at national,
regional or local level. This underlines the relevance of the model: different organizations
have their own responsibilities in data maintenance and supply, but may communicate on
the basis of standardized administrative and technical update processes,
- it should be based on international spatial standards and national spatial data
infrastructures. Also this requirement can be fulfilled with LADM; LADM is based on re-
use of existing standards:
o ISO 4217:2008, Codes for the representation of currencies and funds
o ISO 8601:2004, Data elements and interchange formats Information
interchange Representation of dates and times
o ISO/IEC 13240:2001, Information technology Document description and
processing languages Interchange Standard for Multimedia Interactive
Documents (ISMID)
o ISO 14825:2011, Intelligent transport systems Geographic Data Files (GDF)
GDF5.0
o ISO/TS 19103:2005, Geographic Information Conceptual schema language
o ISO 19105:2000, Geographic Information Conformance and testing
o ISO 19107:2003, Geographic Information Spatial schema
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Dong-Hoon Jeong, Bong-Bae Jang, Ji-Yeong Lee, So-Il Hong,
Peter van Oosterom, Kees de Zeeuw, Jantien Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen and Jaap Zevenbergen
Initial Design of an LADM-based 3D Cadastre Case study from Korea
3rd International Workshop on 3D Cadastres: Developments and Practices
25-26 October 2012, Shenzhen, China
o ISO 19108:2002, Geographic Information Temporal schema
o ISO 19111:2007, Geographic Information Spatial referencing by coordinates
o ISO 19115:2003, Geographic information Metadata
- 3D spatial information should be registered, managed, and utilized. This aspect is already
highlighted in section 3.1 of this paper (and all geometric information has its origin in a
LA_SpatialSource object; e.g. the data or document resulting from a survey),
- the system should have well defined interfaces which can provide the link to the
information that users want to refer to (anywhere, anytime). Also this requirement is
covered in LADM. The construction of external databa
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