WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

Institute of Energy Conversion

University of Delaware

Newark, DE 19716-3820

Tel: 302-***-****

E-mail: abqq7m@r.postjobfree.com

EDUCATION

Ph.D., Physics, University of Rochester, New York, May 1986

Thesis: An Experimental Study of Magneto-Transport Near the Metal-Insulator

Transition in Arsenic-doped Silicon.

M.A., Physics, University of Rochester, 1982.

B.S., Physics, University of Delaware, 1980.

ACADEMIC HONORS: Rush Rhees Fellowship, University of Rochester, 1980-83.

EXPERIENCE

1998-Present Scientist

1996-1998 Manager, Electronic Materials Laboratory

Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware

Principal Investigator on multiple government and industrial contracts.

Directs research projects on polycrystalline thin film solar cells and

develops new research programs. Oversees progress toward technical

goals specified in contracts, and trains and supervises technical and

professional staff, and post-doctoral and visiting research fellows.

Manages solar cell processing laboratories for material deposition and

characterization and personnel, and their maintenance and safety.

2006-Present Associate Professor

Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware

Advises graduate students in thesis research and progress toward graduate

degrees. Serves on department and thesis commitees.

1986-95 Research Associate III

Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware

Investigated deposition and fabrication of thin film polycrystalline solar

cells. Analyzed devices and alternative cell designs. Characterized

optical and electrical properties of semiconductor and transparent

conducting oxide thin films.

1982-1986 Adjunct Faculty

Learning Development Center, Rochester Institute of Technology,

Rochester, New York

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

1982-86 Research Assistant

Condensed Matter Lab, University of Rochester

Measured dc and rf conductivity and dielectric properties of

semiconductors at low temperatures and in high magnetic fields. Utilized

cryogenic and vacuum techniques and low temperature thermometry.

Characterized, prepared and attached contacts to semiconductor samples.

1979 Research Fellow

Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware

PROFESSIONAL SERVICE

Team Leader, DOE Thin Film Partnership Program: National CIS R&D Team, 1997-1999.

Program Committee, 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anchorage AK, 2000.

Program Committee, 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, New Orleans LA, 2002.

Symposium Co-organizer, Compound Semiconductor Photovoltaics at Materials Research

Society 2003 Spring Meeting, San Francisco, 2003. Also Co-editor of Symposium

Proceedings.

Symposium Lead-organizer, Thin-Film Compound Semiconductor Photovoltaics at Materials

Research Society 2005 Spring Meeting, San Francisco, 2005. Also Co-editor of Symposium

Proceedings.

International Advisory Committee for the International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering

Conference, ongoing since 2005.

Program Area Co-Chair, 4th World Conference On Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa,

HI, 2006.

Program Area Chair, 33rd IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, San Diego, May 2008.

Organizing Committee Tutorials Chair, 34th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference,

Philadelphia, 2009.

Symposium Co-organizer, Thin Film Chalcogenide Photovolatic Materials at European

Materials Research Society 2012 Spring Meeting, Strasbourg, FR, 2012.

Symposium Lead-organizer, Thin-Film Compound Semiconductor Photovoltaics at Materials

Research Society 20013 Spring Meeting, San Francisco, 2013.

INVITED / OPENING TALKS

25th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Washington, 1996, "Characterization of

Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells with High Ga Content."

28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anchorage AK, 2000, Fabrication of Graded

Cu(InGa)Se2 Films by Inline Evaporation.

NCPV and Solar Program Review Meeting, Denver, 2003, Ga, Al, and S Alloying in CuInSe2:

What Limits Wide Bandgap Devices?

3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, 2003, Critical Issues

For Cu(InAl)Se2 Thin Film Solar Cells.

Korean Conference on Innovative Science and Technology, Gyeongju, Korea, 2004, Wide

Band Gap CuInSe2-Alloy Thin Film Solar Cells.

NREL/SNL Photovoltaics Program Review, Lakewood, CO, 2006 Fabrication and

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

Characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells with Absorber Bandgap from 1.0 to 1.5 eV.

3rd Workshop on the Future Direction of Photovoltaics, Aogaku Kaikan in Tokyo, 2007,

Critical Issues for Wide Bandgap CuInSe2-based Solar Cells

Materials Research Society, Spring Meeting, San Francisco, 2007, Bandgap Control for the

Deposition of Cu(InGa)(SeS)2

th

18 International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference, Kolkata, India, 2009,

Cu(InGa)Se2 Grain Size And Device Performance With Reduced Deposition Temperature

And Thickness

19th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference, Jeju, S. Korea, 2009,

Alloy Options for Wide Bandgap CuInSe2-based Thin Film Solar Cells

Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers 2010 Spring Meeting, The Technology of Cu(InGa)Se2

Photovoltaics: Approaches and Challenges.

AFFILIATIONS

Materials Research Society

American Solar Energy Society

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

PATENTS

1. Chemical Surface Deposition of Ultra-Thin Semiconductors, B. E. McCandless and W. N.

Shafarman, United States Patent 6,537,845, Mar. 25, 2003.

2. I-III-VI2 Photovoltaic Absorber Layers, G. M. Hanket and W.N. Shafarman, International

Patent WO 2009/046178, Apr. 9, 2009.

BOOK CHAPTERS

1. "Tuning the Metal-Insulator Transition in n-Type Silicon with a Magnetic Field," T.G.

Castner and W.N. Shafarman, in Localization and Metal-Insulator Transitions, ed. H.

Fritzsche and D. Adler, Plenum, New York, 9 (1985).

2. Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells, W.N. Shafarman and L. Stolt, Chapter 13 in Handbook of

Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, ed. by A. Luque and S. Hegedus, John Wiley &

Sons, Ltd., 567 (2003).

3. Defect Studies Using Photocapacitance Spectroscopy in the Copper Indium Diselenide

Alloys, J.D. Cohen, J.T. Heath and W.N. Shafarman, in Wide Gap Chalcopyrites, ed. by U.

Rau and S. Siebentritt, Springer Scientific, 69 (2005).

4. Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells, W.N. Shafarman, S. Siebentritt, and L. Stolt, Chapter 13 in

Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Second Edition, ed. by A. Luque and S.

Hegedus, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 546 (2011).

PUBLICATIONS Journals

1. "The Low Temperature Magnet-resistance of Silicon near the Metal-Insulator Transition,"

W.N. Shafarman, T.G. Castner, J.S. Brooks, K.P. Martin and M.J. Naughton, Solid State

Electronics 28, 93 (1985).

2. "The Magnetic-Field Dependence of Variable Range Hopping Conduction for Barely

Insulating Arsenic Doped Silicon Samples," W.N. Shafarman and T.G. Castner, Proc. 17th

International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, 1079 (1985).

3. "Critical Behavior of Mott Variable-Range Hopping in Si:As Near the Metal-Insulator

Transition," W.N. Shafarman and T.G. Castner, Physical Review B 33, 5:3570 (1986).

4. "Magnetic Tuning of the Metal-Insulator Transition for Uncompensated Arsenic-Doped

Silicon," W.N. Shafarman, T.G. Castner, J.S. Brooks, K.P. Martin, and M.J. Naughton,

Physical Review Letters 56, 9:980 (1986).

5. "Low-Temperature, Low-Frequency Complex Conductance Measurements for a Barely

Insulating Si:As Sample," T.G. Castner, W.N. Shafarman, R.J. Deri, and J.S. Brooks, J. of

Physics C19, L491 (1986).

6. "Tuning Correlation and Localization Lengths with High Magnetic Fields near the Metal-

Insulator Transition," T.G. Castner, W.N. Shafarman and D. Koon, Philosophical Magazine

B56, 6:805-820 (1987).

7. "Analysis of a Transparent Cu/ITO Contact and Heat Treatments on CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,"

R.W. Birkmire, S.S. Hegedus, B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips, and W.N. Shafarman, Proc.

19th IEEE PVSC, 967 (1987).

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

8. "The Metal-Insulator Transition in n-type Silicon in High Magnetic Fields," T.G. Castner

and W.N. Shafarman, In High Magnetic Fields in Semiconductors, Proc. Intl. Conf., 366

(1987).

9. "CdTe/CdS Solar Cells with Transparent Contacts," R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and

W.N. Shafarman, Solar Cells 23(1-2), 115 (1988).

10. "Characterization of Window Layers in CuInSe2 Thin Film Solar Cells," W.N. Shafarman

and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 20th IEEE PVSC 2, 1515 (1988).

11. "The DC Conductivity of Arsenic-Doped Silicon Near the Metal Insulator Transition," W.N.

Shafarman, D.W. Koon, and T.G. Castner, Physical Review B 40, 1216 (1989).

12. "Approaches for High Efficiency CuInSe2 Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless,

W.N. Shafarman and R.D. Varrin, Jr., Proc. 9th Euro. Comm. PV Solar Energy Conf., 134

(1989).

13. "Advances in CuInSe2 and CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells," W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire,

D.A. Fardig, B.E. McCandless, A. Mondal, J.E. Phillips and R.D. Varrin, Jr., Solar Cells 30,

61 (1991).

14. "Options for Fabrication and Design of CuInSe2 Based Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire, W.N.

Shafarman and R.D. Varrin, Jr., Proc. 21st IEEE PVSC, 550 (1990).

15. "Diode Analysis of CuInSe2 Solar Cells," W.N. Shafarman and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 22nd

IEEE PVSC, 934 (1991).

16. "Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells: Device Perspective," J.E. Phillips, W.N.

Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, S.S. Hegedus and B.E. McCandless, AIP Conf. Proc. 268, 206

(1992).

17. "Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells: Processing Perspective," R.W. Birkmire, S.S.

Hegedus, B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips, TWF Russell, W.N. Shafarman, S. Verma and S.

Yamanaka, AIP Conf. Proc. 268, 212 (1992).

18. "Current-Voltage Characterization of CuInSe2/CdS Solar Cells Deposited by Different

Methods," W.N. Shafarman and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 23rd IEEE PVSC, 453 (1993).

19. "Chemical Process Device Analysis of CuInSe2-Based Solar Cell Materials," TWF Russell,

R.W. Birkmire, J.E. Phillips, S. Verma and W.N. Shafarman, AIP Conf. Proc. 306, 390

(1994).

20. "Lessons Learned from a Hydrogen Explosion at a Photovoltaic Research Facility," P.D.

Moskowitz, W.A. Buchanan and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 1994 IEEE First World Conf. on

PVEC, 504 (1994).

21. "Polycrystalline CuIn1-xGaxSe2 Thin Film PV Solar Cells Prepared by Two-Stage

Selenization Process Using Se Vapor," N.G. Dhere, S. Kuttath, K.W. Lynn, R.W. Birkmire

and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 1994 IEEE First World Conf. on PVEC, 190 (1994).

22. "Evidence for Amorphous Like Behavior in Small Grain Thin Film Polycrystalline Solar

Cells," J.E. Phillips, W.N. Shafarman and E. Shan, Proc. 1994 IEEE First World Conf. on

PVEC, 303 (1994).

23. "Characterization and Modeling of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2-Based Photovoltaic Devices: A

Laboratory and Industrial Perspective," J.R. Tuttle, J.R. Sites, A. Delahoy, W.N. Shafarman,

B. Basol, S. Fonash, J. Gray, R. Menner, J.E. Phillips, A. Rockett, J. Scofield, F.R. Shapiro,

P. Singh, V. Suntharalingam, D. Tarrant, T. Walter, S. Wiedeman and T.M. Peterson,

Progress in Photovoltaics 3, 89 (1995).

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

24. "The Growth by the Hybrid Sputtering Evaporation Method Microstructural Studies of

CuInSe2 Films," L.-C. Yang, H.Z. Xaio, A. Rockett, W.N. Shafarman and R.W. Birkmire,

Solar Energy Mat. & Solar Cells 36, 445 (1995).

25. "Preparation of Homogeneous Cu(InGa)Se2 Films by Selenization of Metal Precursors in

H2Se Atmosphere," M. Marudachalam, H. Hichri, R.Klenk, R.W. Birkmire, W.N.

Shafarman and J.M. Schultz, Applied Physics Letters 67, 3978 (1995).

26. "Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Device Perspective," J.E. Phillips, R.W.

Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, P.V. Meyers and W.N. Shafarman, phys. stat. sol. (b) 194, 31

(1996).

27. "Device and Material Characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells with Increasing

Bandgap," W.N. Shafarman, R. Klenk and B.E. McCandless, J. Applied Physics 79, 7324

(1996).

28. "Transparent Conducting Oxide Contacts for n-i-p and p-i-n Amorphous Silicon Solar

Cells," S.S. Hegedus, W.A. Buchanan, E. Eser, J.E. Phillips and W.N. Shafarman, AIP Conf.

Proc. 394, 547 (1996).

29. "Characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells with High Ga Content," W.N. Shafarman, R.

Klenk, and B.E. McCandless, Proc. 25th IEEE PVSC, 763 (1996).

30. "Direct Current-Voltage Measurements of the Mo/CuInSe2 Contact on Operating Solar

Cells," W.N. Shafarman and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 25th IEEE PVSC, 917 (1996).

31. "Processing and Analysis of Polycrystalline Thin-Film Solar Cells Made from Uniform

Single Phase Materials," R.W. Birkmire, H. Hichri, R. Klenk, M. Marudachalam, B.E.

McCandless, J.E. Phillips, J.M. Schultz and W.N. Shafarman, AIP Conf. Proc. 353, 420

(1996).

32. Semiconductor Processing Manufacturing, W.N. Shafarman, B.M. Basol, J.S. Britt, R.B.

Hall and R.E. Rocheleau, Progress in Photovoltaics 5, 359 (1997).

33. "Fabrication and Characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells with Absorber Bandgap from

1.0 to 1.5 eV," W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, M. Marudachalam, B.E. McCandless and

J.M. Schultz, AIP Conf. Proc. 394, 123 (1997).

34. Effect of Reduced Deposition Temperature, Time and Thickness on Cu(InGa)Se2 Films and

Devices, W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, S. Marsillac, M. Marudachalam, N. Orbey and

T.W.F. Russell, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 331 (1997).

35. High Efficiency and CIGS CIS Cells with CVD ZnO Buffer Layers, L.C. Olsen, W. Lei,

F.W. Addis, W.N. Shafarman, M.A. Contreras and K. Ramanathan, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC,

363 (1997).

36. Deconvolution of Activated and Variable-range-hopping Conduction for Barely Insulating

Arsenic-doped Silicon, by T. G. Castner and W. N. Shafarman, Physical Review B 60,

14182 (1999).

37. Analysis of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells: Why Performance Decreases with Increasing Ga

Content, J.E. Phillips and W.N. Shafarman, AIP Conf. Proc. 462, 120 (1999).

38. "Manufacturable Large Area CdS Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications Monitored with

Optical Emission Spectroscopy," L. Wang, I. Eisgruber, R. Hollingsworth, C. DeHart, T.

Wangensteen, R.E. Treece, P. Bhat, W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire and T.J. Gillespie,

Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 569, 127 (1999).

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

39. "Advanced Flexible Solar Array Program," P.V. Meyers, L. Fabick, K.C. Reinhardt and

W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 16th Space PV Res. and Tech. Conf., (1999).

40. Study of Cd-Free Buffer Layers Using Inx(OH,S)y on CIGS Solar Cells, C.H. Huang, S.S.

Li, W.N. Shafarman, C-H Chang, E.S. Lambers, L. Rieth, J.W. Johnson, S. Kim, B.J.

Stanbery, T.J. Anderson and P.H. Holloway, Proc. 11th Int. PVSEC, 855 (1999).

41. "Effect of Substrate Temperature Deposition Profile on Evaporated Cu(InGa)Se2 Films

Devices," W.N. Shafarman and J. Zhu, Thin Solid Films 361-362, 473 (2000).

42. Deposition of Cu(InGa)Se2 by Inline Evaporation, G.M. Hanket, P.D. Paulson, W.N.

Shafarman and R.W. Birkmire, 2000 NCPV Prog. Review Mtg, Denver, CO, 241 (2000).

43. Cu(InAl)Se2 Thin Films Devices Deposited by Multisource Evaporation, M.W. Haimbodi,

E. Gourmelon, P.D. Paulson, R.W. Birkmire and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC,

454 (2000).

44. "CIGSS Solar Cells Based on CVD ZnO Buffer Layers," L.C. Olsen, F.W. Addis, L. Huang,

W.N. Shafarman, P. Eschbach and G.J. Exarhos, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 458 (2000).

45. Fabrication of Graded Cu(InGa)Se2 Films by Inline Evaporation, G.M. Hanket, P.D.

Paulson, U. Singh, S.T. Junker, R.W. Birkmire, F.J. Doyle III, E. Eser and W.N. Shafarman,

Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 499 (2000).

46. Reaction Temperature Dependence of CuInSe2 Based Solar Cells Performance Using CuIn

Precursors Selenized Using H2Se Gas," J.M. Mwabora, W.N. Shafarman and R.W.

Birkmire, Proc. 5th Kenya Phys. Soc. (KPS) Regional Workshop, 27 (2000).

47. "Absorber Thickness Dependence on CuInSe2 Based Solar Cell Performance Using CuIn

Precursors Selenized Using H2Se Gas," J.M. Mwabora, W.N. Shafarman and R.W.

Birkmire, Proc. World Renewable Energy Congress-VI, Brighton, UK, 2049 (2000).

48. "Study of Cd-free Buffer Layers Using Inx(OH,S)y on CIGS Solar Cells," C.H. Huang,

Sheng S. Li, W.N. Shafarman, C.-H. Chang, E.S. Lambers, L. Rieth, J.W. Johnson, S. Kim,

B.J. Stanbery, T.J.Anderson and P.H. Holloway, Solar Energy Mat. & Solar Cells 69, 131

(2001).

49. "Post-Deposition Sulfur Incorporation into CuInSe2 Thin Films," J. Titus, H.W. Schock,

R.W. Birkmire, W.N. Shafarman and U.P. Singh, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 668, H1.5.1

(2001).

50. Effect of Grain Size, Morphology and Deposition Temperature on Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar

Cells, W.N. Shafarman and J. Zhu, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 668, H2.3.1 (2001).

51. "Characterization of Deep Defects in CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) Working Photovoltaic Devices,"

J.T. Heath, J.D. Cohen, W.N. Shafarman and D.C. Johnson, Photovoltaics for the 21st

Century II, R.D. McConnell and V.K. Kapur, eds, Electrochem. Soc., Inc., New Jersey,

Proc. 199th Electrochemical Soc. Mtg. 2001-13, 324 (2001).

52. Chalcogenide Solar Cells Grown by Physical Vapor Deposition Technique, N. Barreau, S.

Marsillac, J.D. Bernede and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 17th Euro. PVSEC, (2001).

53. Cu(In1-xAlx)Se2 Thin Films and Solar Cells, P.D. Paulson, M.W. Haimbodi, S. Marsillac,

R.W. Birkmire and W.N. Shafarman, J. Applied Physics 91, 10153 (2002).

54. High Efficiency Solar Cells Based on Cu(InAl)Se2 Thin Films, S. Marsillac, P.D. Paulson,

M.W. Haimbodi, R.W. Birkmire and W.N. Shafarman, Applied Physics Letters 81, 1350

(2002).

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

55. "Ionizing Radiation Effects in Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide Thin-Film Solar Cells,"

J. Tringe, J. Nocerino, R. Tallon, W. Kemp, W.N. Shafarman and D. Marvin, J. Applied

Physics 91, 516 (2002).

56. "Effect of Ga Content on Defect States in CuIn1-xGaxSe2 Photovoltaic Devices," J.T. Heath,

J.D. Cohen, W.N. Shafarman, D.X. Liao and A.A. Rockett, Applied Physics Letters 80, 4540

(2002).

57. Material and Device Characterization of Thin Film Cu(InAl)Se2 Solar Cells, W.N.

Shafarman, S. Marsillac, P.D. Paulson, M.W. Haimbodi, T. Minemoto and R.W. Birkmire,

Proc. 29th IEEE PVSC, 519 (2002).

58. Pilot-scale Manufacture of Cu(InGa)Se2 Films on a Flexible Polymer Substrate, G.M.

Hanket, U.P. Singh, E. Eser, W.N. Shafarman and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 29th IEEE PVSC,

567 (2002).

59. Correlation between Deep Defect States and Device Parameters in CuIn1-xGaxSe2

Photovoltaic Devices, J.T. Heath, J.D. Cohen and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 29th IEEE

PVSC, 596 (2002).

60. Study of a New Indium Sulphide Derivative for Buffer Layer Application, N. Barreau, S.

Marsillac, J.C. Bernede, C. Deudon, L. Brohan, W.N. Shafarman and A. Barreau, Proc. 29th

IEEE PVSC, 628 (2002).

61. Investigation of Chemical-Bath-Deposited ZnS Buffer Layers for Cu(InGa)Se2 Thin Film

Solar Cells, B. Sang, W.N. Shafarman and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 29th IEEE PVSC, 632

(2002).

62. "Substrate and Back Contact Effects in CIGS Devices on Steel Foil," W.K. Batchelor, M.E.

Beck, R. Huntington, I.L. Repins, A. Rockett, W.N. Shafarman, F.S. Hasson and J.S. Britt,

Proc. 29th IEEE PVSC, 716 (2002).

63. "Near-Surface Defect Distributions in Cu(InGa)Se2," A. Rockett, D. Liao, J.T. Heath, J.D.

Cohen, Y.M. Strzhemechny, L.J. Brillson, K. Ramanathan and W.N. Shafarman, Thin Solid

Films 431-432, 301 (2003).

64. "New Cd-Free Buffer Layer Deposited by PVD: In2S3 Containing Na Compounds," N.

Bernede, S. Marsillac, C. Amoy and W.N. Shafarman, Thin Solid Films 431-432, 326

(2003).

65. "Distinguishing Metastable Changes in Bulk CIGS Defect Densities for Interface Effects,"

J.T. Heath, J.D. Cohen, W.N. Shafarman, Thin Solid Films 431-432, 426 (2003).

66. "Optical Characterization of CuIn1-xGaxSe2 Alloy Thin Films by Spectroscopic

Ellipsometry," P.D. Paulson, R.W. Birkmire and W.N. Shafarman, J. Applied Physics 94,

879 (2003).

67. Determination of Activation Barriers for the Diffusion of Sodium through CIGS Thin-Film

Solar Cells," M.B. Zellner, R.W. Birkmire, E. Eser, W.N. Shafarman and J.G. Chen,

Progress in Photovoltaics: Res. Appl. 11, 543 (2003).

68. "Advances in CuInSe2-based Solar Cells: From Fundamental to Processing," W.N.

Shafarman, J. Titus, M. Haimbodi, M. Gossla, G. Hanket, S. Marsillac, T. Minemoto, P.D.

Paulson, B. Sang, U. Singh, E. Eser and R.W. Birkmire, 2003 NCPV Solar Program Review

Meeting, Denver CO, 525 (2003).

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

69. "New Junction Capacitance Methods for the Study of Defect Distributions Carrier Properties

in the Copper Indium Diselenide Alloys," J.D. Cohen, J.T. Heath and W.N. Shafarman, Mat.

Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 763, 429 (2003).

70. "Defects in Copper Indium Aluminum Diselenide Films their Impact on Photovoltaic

Device Performance," J.T. Heath, J.D. Cohen and W.N. Shafarman, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp.

Proc. 763, 441 (2003).

71. Deposition and Characterization of Cu(InAl)Se2 Thin Films and Solar Cells, W.N.

Shafarman, S. Marsillac, T. Minemoto, P.D. Paulson, R.W. Birkmire, Proc. PVSEC-3

(2003).

72. "Critical Issues for Cu(InAl)Se2, Thin Film Solar Cells" W.N. Shafarman, S. Marsillac, T.

Minemoto, P.D. Paulson and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 3rd World Conf. . 2869 (2003).

73. Chemical Surface Deposition of Ultra-Thin Cadmium Sulfide Films for High Performance

High Cadmium Utilization, B.E. McCandless and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 3rd World Conf.,

(2003).

74. "Bulk and Metastable Defects in CuIn1-xGaxSe2 Thin Films Using Drive-Level Capacitance

Profiling," J.T. Heath, J.D. Cohen and W.N. Shafarman, J. Applied Physics 95(3), 1000

(2004).

75. "Thin Film Solar Cells: Device Measurements and Analysis," S.S. Hegedus and W.N.

Shafarman, Progress in Photovoltaics: Res. Appl. 12, 155 (2004).

76. "Surface Sulfurization of Thin Film Cu(InGa)Se2," U.P. Singh, W.N. Shafarman and R.W.

Birkmire, Proc. Proc. PVSEC-14, 607 (2004).

77. Processing Improvements for Roll-to-Roll Deposition of Cu(InGa)Se2, E. Eser, S. Fields,

G. Hanket, R.W. Birkmire and W.N. Shafarman, Solar Energy Prog. Review Mtg., 32,

(2004).

78. Thin-Film Solar Cells on Polymer Substrates for Space Power, A.F. Hepp, J.S. McNatt,

J.E. Dickman, D.L. Morel, C.S. Ferekides, M.H.C. Jin, K.K. Banger, N. Orbey, M.

Cushman, R.W. Birkmire, W.N. Shafarman and R. Newton, 2nd Intl. Energy Conv. Eng.

Conf., 1737 (2004).

79. "Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells on a Flexible Polymer Web," R.W. Birkmire, E. Eser, S. Fields

and W.N. Shafarman, Progress in Photovoltaics: Res. Appl. 13, 141 (2005).

80. The Determination of Carrier Mobilities in CIGS Photovoltaic Devices using High-

Frequency Admittance Measurements, J.W. Lee, J.D. Cohen and W.N. Shafarman, Thin

Solid Films 480-481, 336 (2005).

81. Five-Source PVD for the Deposition of Cu(In1-xGax)(Se1-ySy)2 Absorber Layers, M. Gossla

and W.N. Shafarman, Thin Solid Films 480-481, 33 (2005).

82. Losses in CuInSe2-Based Thin Film Monolithic Solar Cells, W.N. Shafarman and P.D.

Paulson, 31st IEEE PVSC, 231 (2005).

83. Chalcogen Incorporation in Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 Coevaporation Thin Films, A. Stavrides, C.

Yapp, W.N. Shafarman, R. Aparicio, R. Opila and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 31st IEEE PVSC,

247 (2005).

84. Critical Issues for Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells on Flexible Polymer Web, Erten Eser,

Shannon Fields, William Shafarman, Robert Birkmire, 19th Space Photovoltaic Research

and Technology Conference (SPRAT XIX), Sept. 2005.

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

85. Characterization of the Electronic Properties of Wide Bandgap CuIn(SeS)2 Alloys, A.F.

Halverson, P.T. Erslev, J.W. Lee, J.D. Cohen and W.N. Shafarman, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp.

Proc. 865, 519 (2005).

86. Application of Advanced Microstructural and Microchemical Microscopy Techniques to

Chalcopyrite Solar Cells, C. Lei, C.M. Li, A. Rockett, I.M. Robertson and W.N.

Shafarman, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 865, 93 (2005).

87. Analysis of Cu(InGa)Se2 Alloy Film Optical Properties and the Effect of Cu Off-

Stoichiometry, P.D. Paulson, S.H. Stephens and W.N. Shafarman, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp.

Proc. 865, 21 (2005).

88. Detailed Study of Metastable Effects in the Cu(InGa)Se2 Alloys: Test of Defect Creation

Models, J.W. Lee, J.T. Heath, J.D. Cohen and W.N. Shafarman, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.

865, 373 (2005).

89. Development of a Wide Bandgap Cell for Thin Film Tandem Solar Cells, William

Shafarman, Shiro Nishiwaki, and Brian McCandless, DOE Solar Program Review Meeting,

(2005).

90. Comparison of Device Performance and Measured Transport Parameters in Widely-

Varying Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) Solar Cells, I. L. Repins, B. J. Stanbery, D.L. Young, S.S. Li,

W.K. Metzger, C.L. Perkins,W.N. Shafarman, M.E. Beck, L. Chen, V.K. Kapur, D. Tarrant,

M.D. Gonzalez, D.G. Jensen, T.J.Anderson, X. Wang, L.L. Kerr, B. Keyes, S. Asher, A.

Delahoy and B Von Roedern, Progress in Photovoltaics: Res. Appl. 14, 25 (2006).

91. Surface Sulfurization Studies of Cu(InGa)Se2 Thin Films, Udai P. Singh, William N.

Shafarman, Robert W. Birkmire, Solar Energy Mat. & Solar Cells 90, 623 (2006).

92. Void Formation and Surface Energies in Cu(InGa)Se2, C. Lei, A. Rockett, I.M. Robertson,

W.N. Shafarman and M. Beck, J. Applied Physics 100, 073518 (2006).

93. Role of Bulk Defect States in Limiting CIGS Device Properties, JinWoo Lee, Jennifer T.

Heath. J. David Cohen and William N. Shafarman, Proc. 32nd IEEE PVSC and WCPEC-4,

360 (2006).

94. Electronic Properties of Wide Bandgap Penetenary Chalcopyrite Alloys and their

Photovoltaic Devices, Adam Halverson, Shiro Nishiwaki, William Shafarman and J. David

Cohen, Proc. 32nd IEEE PVSC and WCPEC-4, 364 (2006).

95. Characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells Using Etched Absorber Layers, William N.

Shafarman, Rongxue S. Huang, Scott H. Stephens, Proc. 32nd IEEE PVSC and WCPEC-4,

420 (2006).

96. Preparation of Wide Bandgap Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 Solar Cells with Improved Fill Factor,

Shiro Nishiwaki and William N. Shafarman, Proc. 32nd IEEE PVSC and WCPEC-4, 461

(2006).

97. Composition Control in the Growth of Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 by the Reaction of Cu-In-Ga

Precursors in H2Se and H2S, Gregory M. Hanket, William N. Shafarman, Robert W.

Birkmire, Proc. 32nd IEEE PVSC and WCPEC-4, 560 (2006).

98. Effect of Sulfuization of Thin Film Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells, Udai P. Singh, William N.

Shafarman, Proc. 21st European PVSEC, Dresden (2006).

99. Incongruent Reaction of Cu-(InGa) Intermetallic Precursors in H2Se and H2S, G.M.

Hanket, W.N. Shafarman, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, J. Applied Physics 102,

074823 (2007).

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

100. Composition Control in the Deposition of Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 Thin Films, William

Shafarman, Gregory Hanket, and Shiro Nishiwaki, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1012,

1012-Y02-01, (2007).

101. Understanding Metastable Defect Creation in CIGS by Detailed Device Modeling and

Measurements on Bifacial Solar Cells, JinWoo Lee, David Berney Needleman,William N.

Shafarman, and J. David Cohen, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1012, 1012-Y04-02, (2007).

102. Energetics of Both Minority and Majority Carrier Transitions through Deep Defects in

Wide Bandgap Pentenary Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 Thin Film Solar Cells. Adam Halverson, Shiro

Nishiwaki, William Shafarman, and J. David Cohen, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1012,

1012-Y04-04, (2007).

103. Electronic Defects and Device Performance in CuGaSe2 Solar Cells, J. Jedediah Rembold,

Todd W. Curtis, Jennifer T. Heath, David L. Young, Steve W. Johnston, and William N.

Shafarman, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1012, 1012-Y12-27, (2007).

104. Study of the Electronic Properties of Matched Na-Containing and Reduced-Na CuInGaSe2

Samples Using Junction Capacitance Methods, Peter T. Erslev, Adam Halverson, William

Shafarman, and J. David Cohen, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1012, 1012-Y12-30, (2007).

105. Electronic Level Assignment at the Deeply Buried Absorber/Mo Interface in Chalcopyrite-

based Thin Film Solar Cells, M. Bar, S. Nishiwaki, L. Weinhardt, S. Pookpanratana, W.N.

Shafarman, and C. Heske, Applied Physics Letters 93, 042110 (2008).

106. Chemical Structures of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2/Mo Interfaces, M. Bar, L. Weinhardt, C. Heske,

S. Nishiwaki, and W.N. Shafarman, Physical Review B 78, 075404 (2008).

107. Composition Control of Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 Deposited by Elemental Coevaporation, Shiro

Nishiwaki and William N. Shafarman, J. Applied Physics 104, 034912 (2008).

108. Development of CuInSe2 Nanocrystal and Nanoring Inks for Low-Cost Solar Cells, Qiije

Guo, Suk Jun Kim, Mahaprasad Kar, William N. Shafarman, Robert W. Birkmire, Eric A.

Stach, Rakesh Agrawal and Hugh W. Hillhouse, NanoLetters 8, 2982 (2008).

109. Depth-resolved band gap in Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 thin films M. B r, S. Nishiwaki, L.

Weinhardt, S. Pookpanratana, O. Fuchs, M. Blum W. Yang, J. D. Denlinger, W. N.

Shafarman, and C. Heske, Applied Physics Letters 93, 244103 (2008).

110. The Influence of Na on Metastable Defect Kinetics in CIGS Materials, Jin Woo Lee,

William N. Shafarman, J. David Cohen, Thin Film Solids 517, 2277 (2008).

111. Effect of Reaction Temperature on Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 Formation by Sequential H2Se/H2S

Precursor Reaction Processes, Gregory Hanket, Rui Kamada, William Shafarman, Woo

Kyoung Kim, Proc. 33rd IEEE PVSC, (2008).

112. Cu(InGa)Se2 Film Formation from Selenization of Mixed Metal/Metal-selenide

Precursors, Rui Kamada, William Shafarman, Robert Birkmire, Proc. 33rd IEEE PVSC,

(2008).

113. Control of Composition in Co-evaporated Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 Thin Films, Shiro Nishiwaki,

Greg Hanket, Robert Birkmire and William Shafarman, Proc. 33rd IEEE PVSC, (2008).

114. Temperature Dependence of VOC in CdTe and Cu(InGa)(SeS)2-based Solar Cells,

Christopher Thompson, Steven Hegedus, William Shafarman and Darshini Desai, Proc. 33rd

IEEE PVSC, (2008).

115. In-situ Annealing of Cu(InGa)Se2 Films Grown by Elemental Co-evaporation, James

Wilson, Robert Birkmire and William Shafarman, Proc. 33rd IEEE PVSC, (2008).

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

116. Properties of Encapsulated CIGS Cells in 85 C/85%RH, Larry C. Olsen, Mark E. Gross,

Sambhu N. Kundu, and William N. Shafarman, Proc. 33rd IEEE PVSC, (2008).

117. Band Gap Energy of Chalcopyrite Thin Film Solar Cell Absorbers Determined by Soft X-

ray Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy, M. Bar, L. Weinhardt, S. Pookpanratana, C.

Heske, S. Nishiwaki. W.N. Shafarman, O. Fuchs. M. Blum, W. Yang. J.D. Delinnger, Proc.

33rd IEEE PVSC, (2008).

118. Understanding Defect-related Issues Limiting Efficiency of CIGS Solar Cells, Matgorzata

Igalson, Pawel Zabierowski, Daniel Przado, Aleksander Urganiak, Marika Edoff, William

N. Shafarman, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 93, 1290-1295 (2009).

119. Pin Double-heterojunction Thin-film Solar Cell p-layer Assessment, J.A. Spies, R.

Schafer, J.F. Wager, P. Hersh, H.A.S. Platt, D.A. Keszler, G. Schneider, R. Kykyneshi, J.

Tate, X. Lu, A.D. Compaan, W.N. Shafarman, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 93,

1296-1308 (2009).

120. Hole drift mobility measurements in polycrystalline CuIn1 xGaxSe2 S. A. Dinca, E. A.

Schiff, B. Egaas, R. Noufi, and D. L. Young, W. N. Shafarman, Physical Review B 80,

235201 (2009).

121. The influence of Na on metastable defect kinetics in CIGS materials Peter T. Erslev, Jin

Woo Lee, William N. Shafarman, J. David Cohen, Thin Solid Films 517, 2277 2281 (2009).

122. In-situ Post-deposition Thermal Annealing of Co-evaporated Cu(InGa)Se2 Thin Films

Deposited at Low Temperatures, James D. Wilson, Brian E. McCandless, Robert W.

Birkmire, William N. Shafarman, Proc. 34th IEEE PVSC, Philadelphia, PA, June 8-12, 2009.

123. Characterization and Device Performance of (AgCu)(InGa)Se2 Absorber Layers, Gregory

M. Hanket, Jonathan H. Boyle, and William N. Shafarman, Proc. 34th IEEE PVSC,

Philadelphia, PA, June 8-12, 2009.

124. Ga Distribution and Adhesion Issues in Selenization of Metallic Cu-Ga-In Precurcors,

Woo Kyoung Kim, Gregory M. Hanket and William N. Shafarman, Proc. 34th IEEE PVSC,

Philadelphia, PA, June 8-12, 2009.

125. Optical and Quantum Efficiency Analysis of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 Absorber Layers,

Jonathan Boyle, Gregory Hanket and William Shafarman, Proc. 34th IEEE PVSC,

Philadelphia, PA, June 8-12, 2009.

126. Characterizing the Effects of Silver Alloying in Chalcopyrite CIGS Solar Cells with

Junction Capacitance Methods, Peter T. Erslev, Gregory M. Hanket, William N.

Shafarman, and J. David Cohen, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. 1165, 1165-M01-07 (2009).

127. Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Film Formation From Selenization of Mixed Metal/Metal-selenide

Precursors, Rui Kamada, William N. Shafarman and Robert W. Birkmire, Solar Energy

Materials & Solar Cells 94, 451 (2010).

128. Device Characterization of (AgCu)(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells, William Shafarman, Christopher

Thompson, Jonathan Boyle, Gregory Hanket, Peter Erslev and J. David Cohen, Proc. 35th

IEEE PVSC, Waikiki, Hawaii, June 21-25, 2010.

129. Wide-bandgap (AgCu)(InGa)Se2 Absorber Layers Deposited by Three-stage Co-

evaporation, Gregory Hanket, Jonathan H. Boyle, William N. Shafarman, and Glenn Teeter,

Proc. 35th IEEE PVSC, Waikiki, Hawaii, June 21-25, 2010.

WILLIAM N. SHAFARMAN

130. Cu(InGa)Se2 Photovoltaics on Insulated Stainless Steel Web Substrate, Erten Eser,

Shannon Fields, Woo K. Kim, Elizabeth McQuiston, Kihwan Kim, and William N.

Shafarman, Proc. 35th IEEE PVSC, Waikiki, Hawaii, June 21-25, 2010.

131. Ga homogenization by simultaneous H2Se/H2S reaction of Cu-Ga In precursor Woo

Kyoung Kim, Gregory M. Hanket, William N. Shafarman, Solar Energy Materials & Solar

Cells 95, 235 238 (2011).

132. The electronic structure of Cu(In1 xGax)Se2 alloyed with silver Peter T. Erslev, JinWoo

Lee, Gregory M. Hanket, William N. Shafarman, J. David Cohen, Thin Solid Films (2011).

133. Structural characterization of the (AgCu)(InGa)Se2 thin film alloy system for solar cells

J.H. Boyle, B.E. McCandless, G.M. Hanket, W.N. Shafarman, Thin Solid Films (2011).

134. Metastable properties of Cu(In1 xGax)Se2 with and without sodium Peter T. Erslev,

William N. Shafarman, and J. David Cohen, Applied Physics Letters 98, 062105 (2011).!

135. Surface Characterization of (AgCu)(InGa)Se2 Thin Films for Solar Cells, Hamed Simchi,

Brian McCandless, William Shafarman, Kihwan Kim, Jonathan Boyle, and Robert Birkmire,

Proc. 37th IEEE PVSC, Seattle WA, June 20-24, 2011.

136. Cu-In-Ga Metal Precursors Sputter Deposited from a Single Ternary Target for

Cu(lnGa)(SeS)2 Film Formation, Trang Huynh, Wayne Buchanan, Kihwan Kim, Brian

McCandless, William Shafarman, Robert Birkmire, Proc. 37th IEEE PVSC, Seattle WA,

June 20-24, 2011.

137. Electron drift-mobility measurements in polycrystalline CuIn1 xGaxSe2 solar cells S. A.

Dinca, E. A. Schiff, W. N. Shafarman, B. Egaas, R. Noufi, Applied Physics Letters 100,

103901 (2012).

138. Three-step H2Se/Ar/H2S reaction of Cu-In-Ga precursors for controlled composition and

adhesion of Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 thin films Kihwan Kim, Gregory M. Hanket, Trang Huynh,

William N.Shafarman. J. Applied Physics, 111, 083710 (2012).

139. Surface Characterization of (AgCu)(InGa)Se2 Thin Films for Solar Cells Hamed Simchi,

Brian McCandless, Kihwan Kim, Jonathan H. Boyle, Robert W. Birkmire and William N.

Shafarman, IEEE J. Photovoltaics, to be published (2012).

140. High Efficiency Ultra-thin Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 Solar Cells by Three-step H2Se/Ar/H2S

Reaction of Cu-In-Ga Metal Precursor Kihwan Kim, Hyeonwook Park, Woo Kyoung Kim,

Gregory M. Hanket and William N. Shafarman, Proc. 38th IEEE PVSC, Austin TX, June 4-

8, 2012.

141. Three-step H2Se/Ar/H2S Reaction of Metal Precursors for Large Area Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2

with Uniform Ga Distribution Kihwan Kim, Evan L. Kimberly, Andrew Damiani, Gregory

M. Hanket and William N. Shafarman, Proc. 38th IEEE PVSC, Austin TX, June 4-8, 2012.

142. Characterization of (AgCu)(InGa)Se2 Absorber Layer Fabricated by Selenization Process

from Metal Precursor Yuki Tauchi, Kihwan Kim, Hyeonwook Park and William

Shafarman, Proc. 38th IEEE PVSC, Austin TX, June 4-8, 2012.

143. Control of Ga Profiles in (AgCu)(InGa)Se2 Absorber Layers Deposited on Polyimide

Substrates Gregory M. Hanket, Christopher P. Thompson, Jes Larsen, Erten Eser, and

William N. Shafarman, Proc. 38th IEEE PVSC, Austin TX, June 4-8, 2012.

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