It Development
Resume:
Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology
Vol. 27 No. 3, P. 658-666, 2009
DOI: 10.1007/s00343-009-9192-1
Modern changes of tidal troughs among the radial sand
ridges in northern Jiangsu coastal zone*
HUANG Haijun DU Tingqin,, GAO Ang Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071,
China
Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
Received Aug. 25, 2008; revision accepted Dec. 19, 2008
Abstract Using satellite images taken on different dates, GIS analysis of aerial photos, bathymetric
maps and other field survey data, tidal troughs and major sand ridges in the northern Jiangsu coastal area
were contrasted. The results show that there have been three types of movement or migration of tidal
trough in this area: (1) Periodic and restricted, this type of trough usually developed along the beaches
with immobile gully head as a result of the artificial dams and the swing range increased from gully head
to the low reaches, so they have been obviously impacted by human activity and have longer swing
periods; (2) Periodic and actively, this kind of trough, which swung with a fast rate and moved
periodically on sand ridges, were mainly controlled by the swings of the host tidal troughs and
hydrodynamic forces upon tidal sand ridge and influenced slightly by human constructions; (3) Steadily
and slowly, they are the main tidal troughs with large scale and a steady orientation in this area and have
slow lateral movement. The differences in migration mode of tidal trough shift result in different rates of
migration and impact upon tidal sand ridges. Lateral accumulation on current tidal trough and deposition
on abandoned tidal troughs are the two types of sedimentation of the tidal sand ridges formation. The
whole radial sand ridge was generally prone to division and retreat although sand ridges fluctuated by the
analysis of changes in talwegs of tidal troughs and shorelines of sand ridges.
Keyword: radial sand ridges; tidal trough migration; remote sensing; GIS; Northern Jiangsu Province
1 INTRODUCTION Kushuiyang, Huangshayang, Lanshayang and so on,
distributed irregularly between radial sand ridges are
There are about 10 sand ridges formed in an area
the dominating factor during the change of radial
of more than 20 000 km2 within a 90 km long belt
sand ridge system (Zhang et al., 1992; Wang et al.,
from the east to the west along the northern coast of
1999; Yang et al., 2003). Both the speed and
Jiangsu Province, and extending continually
direction of the tidal trough migration control the
outwards in NNE and NE (Fig.1). At the same time,
stabilization and activity of sand ridges directly. One
under the strong actions of tidal current there are
important characteristic in this area is that the most of
extraordinary well developed tidal creek systems,
sand ridges are submerged and only a small
which can be divided into 4 grades by their scales
proportion are above sea level, so it is inconvenient
and the effects on the development of radial sand
to ravel the changes of the whole sand ridges. The
ridges (Zhang et al., 1992).The formation and
characteristics of these changes, however, can be
development of these sand ridges or tidal troughs
provided indirectly by detecting the migration of
have received great attention from many researchers
tidal troughs.
and significant progress has been made in the study
In the study area there are abundant secondary
of the radial tidal sand ridge system (Li et al., 1981;
tidal troughs distributed diffusely along the beaches
Zhu et al., 1986; Zhang et al., 1992; Huang et al.,
1998; Wang et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 1999; Li et al.,
Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973
2001; Liu et al., 2004; Wu et al., 2007). The main Program) (Nos. 40176021, 40676037 and 40706027).
tidal troughs, such as Xiyang, Chenjiawucao,
Corresponding author: *******@**.****.**.**
No.3 HUANG et al.: Modern changes of tidal troughs among the radial sand ridges in northern Jiangsu coastal zone 659
Fig.1 The location map of research area (modified from Zhang et al., 1992)
in the west of the Xiyang trough and the inner recognized by high resolution satellite images
Wangjiacao trough, while others lie on off shore sand acquired at low or near low tides. Multi-period
ridges in small scale. Most of the beachy secondary satellite images taken at low or near low tides, aerial
tidal troughs in this area have a main same photos from the 1980's and bathymetric maps
characteristic showing that the head of trough is quite (1:100 000) from the 1960's and late 1970's were
stationary (tidal barrier), but the middle and lower collected. Additionally, 5 SAR images from 1995 to
reaches swing freely. There are significant variations 2000 (Table 1) were used as auxiliary data for
between the basin areas of tidal troughs. As a result detecting the tidal trough system in radial tidal sand
of its growth and change that control the regional ridges. All these bathymetric maps, aerial photos and
frame work of geography, these tidal troughs have satellite images were analyzed using Map/info.
great influence on the evolution of the whole
Table 1 Parameters of collected satellite data
Tiaozini sand ridge, which is not only the centre of
the radial tidal sand ridges, but also the joint other No. Time of image Type of image Resolution (m)
large sand ridges such as Dongsha, Zhugensha and 1 1988-04-09 Landsat TM 30 30
Jiangjiasha (Zhang et al., 1992). In this paper, we 2 1993-12-19 Landsat TM 30 30
present our study results of the Oscillatory motion of 3 1996-04-07 SPOT 20 20
the secondary beachy tidal troughs, which are 4 1997-05-20 Landsat TM 30 30
adjacent to the Tiaozini sand ridges and have biggish 5 1999-01-20 SPOT 20 20
effect on its development, using satellite images from 6 2000-03-09 Landsat TM 30 30
different dates. The migrations of major troughs and 7 2007-01-24 Landsat TM 30 30
sand ridges were also examined using aerial photos, 8 1995-07-08 ERS-1 26 30
SAR images and bathymetric maps. Finally, the 9 1997-11-14 Radarsat-1 28 35
development characteristics of the whole tidal sand 10 1998-07-08 Radarsat-1 25 28
ridges were analyzed. 11 1999-12-05 ERS-2 26 30
12 2000-09-10 ERS-2 26 30
2 MATERIALS AND METHOD
The configurations and changes of beaches, Geometrical calibration and contrast of images in
different dates and from different sources require
troughs and tidal sand ridges above sea level can be
CHIN. J. OCEANOL. LIMNOL., 27(3), 2009 Vol.27
660
2007 was different from that of 1988 by several
choosing a proper number of ground control points
hundred meters. The swinging period of tidal trough
(GCPs) and a well-proportioned distribution pattern
went on about 15 years. The estuary has moved
of GCPs that can has a significant influence on the
continually northward from 1988, and reached its
calibration precision (Huang et al., 2002). There are
most northerly position in 1999, with a position
only a few clear GCPs available in the east and north
2.5 km further north than that in 1988. The channel
of the study area because of rapid formation and
of the tidal trough moved 5 6 km southwards in 2000
deformation of sand ridges. However, there were
when curvature developed rapidly. The swinging
many easily distinguished GCPs in the west side of
period of the tidal trough was estimated to be about
the studying area. These control points with a
20 years with a scale of 6 7 km (Huang et al., 2001).
lopsided distribution pattern make it difficult to well
The trough mouth retreated westward about 2.5 km
calibrate the images. The differences of root mean
in landscape orientation from 1993 to 2007 with the
square (R.M.S) errors resulted from the two
coastline near the Chuandonggang moved seaward
distributions of GCPs could reach two or three times.
4 5 km. The differences of swinging period and
Using geometrical continuity of Landsat image and
scale between tidal trough middle and lower reaches
locating GCPs accurately by field validation,
showed the impact of the main tidal trough-Xiyang
geometrical calibration of the images was well made
trough on its branches.
and experimental results showed the adaptability of
this method.
3.3 Liangduohe dam estuary tidal trough (The
Additionally, error would be also possible when
Sishenggang trough)
the sand ridge outlines were compared between
The Liangduohe Dam tidal trough (Sishenggang
different images acquired at different tides, but the
trough) is an approximate N-S direction tidal trough
minor discrepancies caused by different tidewater
which separates the radial tidal sand ridges from the
height in each image can be neglected without
mainland. The middle and lower reaches shifted
influencing the overall net bias on analysis quality.
approximately 5 km northwestward between 1949
3 RESULTS and 1970, 5 km northwestward during the 1970's,
and an approximate 4 km northwestward between
The changes of secondary tidal troughs distributed
1979 and 1981, showing an accelerated shifting rate
diffusely on the beaches and the changes of the sand
towards the northwest. After it united the
ridges for analyzing the shift tendency of the whole
Dayazigang tidal trough in 1980 and the
radial tidal sand ridges, were analyzed using the
Chuanshuigang tidal trough estuary in 1984 (later
satellite images from 1988 to 2007 combined with
separated) along with human activity in 1980's, the
bathymetric maps (1960's 1970's) and data from
shifting rate of trough from the Dam was slowed
field surveys.
down (Zhang et al., 1992). There was an obvious
3.1 The Chuandonggang tidal trough cut-off event in the upper reach of the tidal trough
between 1988 and 1993 with a maximum 2 km
It branched at the upper reaches of tidal trough
eastward shift, and then retreated about 800 m until
from 1996 to 1999. The middle reach had moved 1.4
1996 when the trough began to branch off (Fig.2).
km southward from 1988 to 1993, and then continued
The trough swayed eastward and westward from
moving southward, reaching its most southerly point
1993 to 2007, while the position of the trough head
in 1996. After that, the tidal trough retreated
also varied slightly in different images and showed
significantly (2 km) northward to a position further
no extension trend from 1988 to 2000; however it
north than that in 1988 during 1999 and continued to
retreated northward about 3 km from 1988 to 2007 as
move northward before 2000, but it retreated back to
a result of the artificial coastline went seaward and
the position of 1988 in 2007. The range of swinging
the trough head was cut off. Some changes in
from the north to the south was about 2.5 km in total
position were caused by the differences in the space
during these years, while the trough mouth kept
resolution of images or tide condition. The middle
basically the same but narrowed.
reach of the trough swayed eastward and westward in
3.2 The Chuanshuigang tidal trough a range of 300 800 m from 1988 to 2007.
The lower reaches of the trough moved straight
Middle and upper reaches of this tidal trough
into the Xiyang trough. The extension direction of
wiggled significantly southward with the increased
lower reaches changed and its channel was divided.
curvature from 1988 to 1993, and then moved
The centerline of the trough mouth moved 4.17 km
northward slowly. The position of the tidal trough in
No.3 HUANG et al.: Modern changes of tidal troughs among the radial sand ridges in northern Jiangsu coastal zone 661
northwestward from 1988 to 1993. It shifted back
northeastward and the mouth moved 2 km southward
from 1993 to 1997. It moved northeastward to a
position similar to that of 1988, and it then divided
into a major south branch and a smaller north branch
in 1999. In 2000 the two branches merged and the
trough became narrower and increasingly bended,
and up to 2007 the centerline of the trough mouth
moved westward 2.5 km compared with that of 1993
going with the artificial coastline went seaward
3 5 km from Liangduohe dam to Chuangshuigang
area. Between 1988 and 2007, the lower reach of
trough swayed in a fan-shaped area with the width of
about 5 km from south to the north (Fig.2).
3.4 The inner Wangjiacao trough-Xiaodengzhuang-
gang tidal trough
The inner Wangjiacao trough shrank since 1984.
The estuarine channel was captured by the
Xiaodengzhuanggang trough in 1987 and became
one branch of this tidal trough system (Zhang et al.,
1992). The lower reaches of the inner Wangjiacao
trough splayed out in multi-channel flow into the sea
in 1988. Channels of the tidal trough were small and Fig.2 The sketch map of migration of the Sishenggang trough
labile in scale. At the same time the Xiaodengzhuanggang interpreted from TM Images between 1988 and 2007
moved laterally westward and the ability to transport
tidal trough, middle tidal trough and west tidal trough.
water and sediment from the western Tiaozini beach
The middle branch extended southwestward and
flat was lost. The small tidal troughs merged into a
become closely positioned to Tiaoyugang trough
wide channel extending in the north-south,
network, which had extended northeastward and they
northwest-southeast directions at the upper reaches
tied together in 2000. While the west and middle
and the head extended significantly northward in
trough shrank and only the east trough was still
1993 (Fig.3). The position of the trough in 1996 was
hearty with moving sideward to the east a long way
similar to that in 1993 with a small-scale shift
in 2007.
southwestward. Upper and middle reaches of tidal
trough shifted significantly westward and meandered 3.5 The southern Xidagang tidal trough
in 1999. Furthermore, the tidal trough deviated
From 1988 to 2007, the trough distribution pattern
westward and the whole sandbank shrank in 2000.
had changed greatly, including the width, length,
The tidal trough was narrower than that in the 1990's
number of tidal troughs and even the outspread
and the trough head retreated southeastward with
direction (Fig.3). Beijianzi sand ridge, in northern
some branches died away in 2007.
Tiaozini sand ridge, showed another scenario of
The Xiaodengzhuanggang tidal trough extended
evolution. The main body of the Beijianzi detached
in the north to northwest direction and combined
from Tiaozini in 1988, and a new sandbank-the
with the Sishenggang and Xidagang trough. The tidal
Xibeijianzi sand ridge formed on its southwest. In
trough swung slightly from the west to the east, but
addition, many minor sandbanks formed in the west
the trough head moved mainly in the northward and and southwest of the Beijianzi and merged into the
southward directions from 1988 to 2007 (Fig.3). The Beijianzi sand ridge later. At the same time, the head
tidal trough extended toward the northwest to the of Tiaozini sand ridge retreated and moved
north during the middle and low tides in 1993. southwards significantly. Hence the main Xidagang
During 1996 the trough became smaller and narrower tidal troughs merged eventually, combining the south
and shrank further with multi-channel entering the branch which joined the Tiaoyugang during a wide
sea in 1997. Images showed that in 1999 the tide in 1993. The Xidagang trough moved eastward
Xidagang tidal trough had three branches: the east in 1997, in west of which there appeared a new sand
CHIN. J. OCEANOL. LIMNOL., 27(3), 2009 Vol.27
662
Fig.3 The changes of tidal troughs in Tiaozini sandbank interpreted from TM images between 1988 and 2007
ridge which was separated from beach flat by a small In the 1960's there were 17 offshore sand ridges
tidal trough in the S-N direction. Therefore the width (above sea level in bathymetric maps), and each of
them with an area of 10.0 km2 or less and the average
of the Beijianzi narrowed, the length increased and it
extended northward as the change of the Xidagang area was 6.4 km2. During the 1970's, the number of
trough. The small sandbanks on both sides also ridges increased to 21 with an average area of
disappeared because of further erosion in the west part 5.8 km2. The average area decreased 10% from the
of Beijianzi, the width of Beijianzi sandbank became 1960's to the 1970's (Huang et al., 2001). Although
much narrower. At the same time, its head retreated the total number of radial sand ridges in Northern
southwards, leaving only a small sandbank by 1999. Jiangsu Province increased from 41 in the 1960's to
On the other side, both the east and west sides of the 61 in the 1970's, the total area of sand bank decreased
Xidagang trough extended, especially the east side, so
by about 230 km2.
the width of tidal trough increased and the south of it
(2) The range of sand ridge
divided into three tidal troughs.
The shoreline at low tide on the northern and the
3.6 The radial tidal sand ridge
eastern Northern Jiangsu offshore radial sand ridges
(1) The area and the number of sand ridges retreated 20 km both south and west from the 1900's
No.3 HUANG et al.: Modern changes of tidal troughs among the radial sand ridges in northern Jiangsu coastal zone 663
lower reaches and resulted in slower swing. For
to 1979. The northern edge of Dongsha sand ridges
retreated obviously to the south, about 5 6 km example, compared to the position of the tidal trough
in Sept. 1979, the position in Feb. 1980 was 3 km
between the 1960's and the 1970's.
further towards northwest. The tidal trough, however,
(3) The changes of small sandbanks
retreated towards southeast by 2 km after 10 months,
In the 1960's the area above sea level of the
moved northwestward more than 3 km till June 1981
Xiaoyinsha sand ridge in the Xiyang trough was
(Zhang et al., 1992). The speed of the trough change
3.2 km2 and that of the Piaoersha was 0.9 km2, but
was between 2.4 km/yr and 6 km/yr with the trough
during the 1970's they became submerged shoal.
shifting periodically.
Total areas of the Sanyazi and the Liangyuesha sand
ridge were 6.4 km2 and 60.0 km2 in the 1960's, and 4.2 The styles of tidal trough change
15.9 km2 and 43.9 km2 in the 1970's, respectively.
Increasing curvature and channel divulsion are
The area decreased at an average rate of 1.2 km2/yr,
two causes of trough change in the study area. The
but the rate reduced to 0.2 km2/yr from 1988 to 1993.
changing length of the waterway below the
The whole position of radial sand ridges in Northern
Liangduohe Dam controls the swing styles of the
Jiangsu moved obviously southwards. tidal trough. The total length of tidal trough below
the Dam increased from 8 km at the beginning of
4 DISCUSSIONS
Dam construction in 1972 to 15 km by 1988. The
The modern directional tendency of the radial sand capability of transportation of water and sediment
ridges depends on three factors: (1) Prevailing storms declined as curvature and length of trough waterway
which erode peripheral sand ridges; (2) Tidal increased and the slope gradient decreased. After the
currents which take sediments towards the center of middle reaches lost 1.4 km in 1996 because of a
sandbank (Huang et al., 2001); (3) The migration of cut-off, the length of tidal trough shortened to
tidal trough. Besides the three, human activities have 12.3 km. A cut-off occurred again in 1999, reducing
become a major impact. the length to 10.5 km. Meander curvature increased
again during 2000 with the trough length increasing
4.1 The influence of human construction on the
to 13 km in TM image while the length decreased
movement of tidal trough
about 1.5 km in 2007 with the curvature decreasing,
E xamining the development of Sishenggang but the head went southwards about 2 km. The swing
clearly demonstrates the great impact of human of the middle and lower reaches was periodic in the
activities on the evolution of tidal troughs. The case of tidal trough with stable gully head. The swing
Sishenggang tidal trough was active, which moved cycle of the lower reaches was longer than that at the
towards northwest as a whole since 1949 and the middle reaches. For example, the cycle for the
fastest movement was from 1949. The data from middle reaches of the Chuanshuigang trough was 15
1970 to 1979 also showed a constant increase in years, while it was about 20 years for the lower
length. Five rocky spurs in a line on soft-base were reaches.
built in the south near the Liangduohe Dam (the There was another trough shift style differently
south branch), and one spur was built in 1980 at the from the trough movements mentioned above
north side near the Liangduohe Dam (the north although the scale was small. The gully head was
branch) when the Sishenggang trough united the able to swing freely and the impact of human
Dayazigang trough near the Liangduohe Dam. After activities was undersized on troughs evolution, but
the completion of these constructions, the activity of the entire movement process was rapid alternation of
the Sishenggang trough was weakened obviously, advances and retreats. At Erfengshui in the Tiaozini
especially in the upper reaches. The southwest part of sandbank near Jianggang Town the swing range off
Tiaozini sand ridge joined with the Tiaoyugang the coastline was about 3.7 km from 4.8 km to 8.5 km
trough in 1974. After the event the tidal trough and (Zhang et al., 1992).
beach topography were adjusted to balance out the From the shoreline change profiles taken from TM
local hydrodynamic conditions. images on the west bank of Xiyang Trough, Dongsha
It is clear that the natural processes have influenced sand ridge and Tiaozini sand ridge, lateral movement
on the trough and slowed down its movements at the was another transformation characteristic of the main
upper reaches of Sishenggang. On the other hand, tidal trough in this area. The west bank of Xiyang
human activities also had great influence on the trough retreated from 1988 to 2007; however, the
CHIN. J. OCEANOL. LIMNOL., 27(3), 2009 Vol.27
664
was significant and slowed to an insignificant rate
east beach moved eastward, thus the Xiyang Trough
later (Fig.4).
broadened. Erosion rate decreased from the north to
From 1988 to 1993, the southeast Dongsha sand
the south and small deposition happened at the south
ridge retreated shoreward to 5 km. A new sandbank
of Chuandonggang with changes of the small tidal
5 6 km from the east to the west and 4 5 km from
trough mouth on the west bank of the Xiyang Trough.
the south to the north formed in the south of Dongsha
Concurrently, The movement pattern of the east bank
sand ridge. The Dongsha sand ridge moved
of Xiyang Trough (the west bank of Dongsha sand
southwards and was intersected and shrank as a
ridge) was in a low erosion rate between 1988 and
whole. As a fact, the northern part retreated while the
1993 and followed by an increased rate between
south advanced with an average moving range of
1993 and 2007 in the northern Dongsha sand ridge.
1 2 km between 1993 and 2000, but the south
The southern Xiyang Trough showed a contrary way.
retreated northward to a position further north of that
The shift of shoreline in southern Dongsha sand ridge
in 1993 by 2007 (Fig.4). Some small sandbanks
was great at the beginning as the eastward movement
Fig.4 Shoreline changes of the Dongsha sandbank interpreted from TM images between 1988 and 2007
No.3 HUANG et al.: Modern changes of tidal troughs among the radial sand ridges in northern Jiangsu coastal zone 665
5 CONCLUSIONS
partitioned from the east side of Dongsha shrank and
finally disappeared. The Tiaozini sand ridge showed
The results show three movement methods of tidal
obvious change due to the influence of tidal troughs
trough in the study area and these movements can be
which lay in the southern Xiyang and Tiaoyugang
described as: (1) periodic and restricted, (2) periodic
troughs; however, as a center of sediment
and actively, and (3) steadily and slowly. The
accumulation, it extended as a whole.
majority of the first type was secondary tidal troughs
As previously discussed, there were two main
and they usually developed in the estuary of the
modes of tidal trough shift: curvature increase
artificial channel with dams which were used to
resulting in channel cut-off and lateral movement.
protect them from flood tide. Their shifts were
Difference in migration mode result in different rates
influenced by both natural and human factors. The
of migration and impact upon tidal sand ridges.
gully head of this kind of tidal troughs was immobile
4.3 Analysis on the movement of the radial tidal and the swing range increased from the gully head to
sand ridge the lower reaches, hence, the swing period was also
longer. One instance is that the swing period in the
From the results above, the area, the number and
middle reach of the Chuanshuigang was about 15
changes of the sand ridges show that the sand ridges
years but that at estuary was about 20 years with a
have been atrophying. Field observations showed
swing range of about 6 7 km. The second type was
that the peripheral area of Dongsha sand ridge was
also secondary troughs, which were mainly
being divided by new small tidal troughs which
controlled by the swings of the host tidal troughs and
swung quickly. For example, an artificial structure
hydrodynamic forces upon tidal sand ridge and
staying on the sand ridge (near the Xiyang Trough) in
influenced slightly by human constructions. This
the early 1980's lies in a branch of the Xiyang Trough
kind of trough swung with a fast rate and moved
now. Its foundation has been eroded down 4 meters
periodically on the sand ridge. The third type of
in the last two decades, and the cemented ladder,
trough has large scale, slow movement and a steady
which was buried in the sandbank previously, is now
orientation.
exposed in the air. The sand ridge has been also
Although these radial sand ridges are still
eroded and new tidal troughs moved quickly in the
accreting deposition, the whole sand ridge was prone
Dongsha sand ridge, even continually extended to the
to division and retreat. In so doing the number of
center of the sand ridge.
sand ridge was constantly increasing, but the total
Although the radial sand ridges fluctuated,
area actually decreased. The atrophication speed of
generally the trend was retreat. Evidence is the
sand ridge tended to weaken from the 1960's; the
increasing width of the tidal troughs; the talwegs
rapid swing of the tidal troughs and erosion were
constantly moved eastward and the gully head
main styles resulting in sand ridges to separate,
extended southward. Furthermore, the east and the
whereas peripheral sand ridges moved obviously to
west part of sidelines of the Dongsha sand ridge had a
the center of the whole radial tidal sand ridge system.
tendency of bringing together, which resulted in sand
The movement modes of the tidal troughs play an
ridge retreat. In the 1960's, the Xiaobeicao,
important role in the sedimentary environment of
Chenjiawucao troughs and so on, which lie to the east
radial sand ridge and their interrelationships merit
side of the Dongsha with a north-south direction
further study.
extended constantly toward the inner Dongsha sand
ridge significantly and their talwegs moved References
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