sia and an aridest region of China. There have been

Chinese Science Bulletin 2006 Vol. 51 Supp. I 60 67

many researches about lakes in Xinjiang[2 16], but most

DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-8208-x

of them were about single lake water change and not

Environmental changes and enough for the integration research of regional lakes.

Based on pollen data and other records from the Dong-

lake level fluctuation recorded daohaizi Lake, Aibi Lake and Sichang Lake, this paper

will synthetically analyzes the environmental changes

by lakes on the plain in of plain lakes in northern Xinjiang during the late

northern Xinjiang during the Holocene. There have been reports about unstable cli-

mate of Holocene almost around world[17 23] and pri-

late Holocene mary anatomy about the impact mechanism. This can

help the study of environment evolution not only in

FENG Xiaohua1, YAN Shun1, NI Jian2, Xinjiang, but also in other arid areas of the world.

KONG Zhaochen2 & YANG Zhenjing3

1 Study area and methods

1. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of

Most lakes in plain in northern Xinjiang are closed

Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;

2. Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, lake. All these lakes are strongly affected by environ-

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;

mental changes. Both area and water level are unstable.

3. Institute of Hydrologic and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy

The nature regime of lake regions is very different. The

of Geological Sciences, Zhengding 050803, China

Sichang Lake is located in the southeast of the Gur-

Correspondence should be addressed to Yan Shun (email: yanshun46@

ms.xjb.ac.cn) or Feng Xiaohua (email: abpiy3@r.postjobfree.com)

banturgut Desert, more than 30 km north of Jimusaer

Received July 20, 2005; accepted January 16, 2006

County. The section (89 8.6 E, 44 18.6 N), with an al-

Abstract Xinjiang Autonomous Region is located titude of 589 m and a depth of 1.0m, can be divided

in the arid area of westerly of China and there are into 6 layers. It is covered by salted meadow in the

many arguments about the changes of past tem- north and by dunes in the south. The Dongdaohaizi

perature and moisture. Most of the lakes on the plain Lake, 90 km north of Urumqi City, is the terminal lake

in northern Xinjiang are sealed lakes and terminal of Urumqi River. The Dongdaohaizi section is located

lakes. They can evidently reflect the changes in at northern end of the lake (89 33.5 E, 44 41.7 N), with

palaeoclimate. The palaeoenvironmental changes of an altitude of 430m and a depth of 1.90m. It can be di-

some plain lakes in northern Xinjiang during the late vided into 12 layers. It is under the condition of typical

Holocene will be analysed mainly based on the data template continental climate, warm, dry and with a lit-

of pollen, sedimentary facies, loss on ignition (LOI),

tle raining. The mean temperature is 5 7 and annual

susceptibility and grain size from the Sichang Lake,

mean precipitation is about 150mm. The vegetation is

Dongdaohaizi Lake and Aibi Lake. Results reveal an

desert, dominated by Haloxylon accompanied with a

assembled pattern of temperature and moisture

little transient species and some annual plants. The Aibi

dominated by cold-wet and warm-dry. In addition, the

Lake is located in the southwest of the Junggar Basin. It

impact factor will be discussed.

is a typical sealed lake in the arid region of northern

Keywords: Northern Xinjiang, plain lake, late Holocene, lake sur- Xinjiang. The annual mean precipitation is 95mm and

face change, environmental change.

the annual mean evaporation is 1315 mm. The section

is located on southern bank of the lake (82 44.1 E,

Lakes often become an indicator of paleoclimate and

44 52.2 N), with an altitude of 195m and a depth of

environment changes because of their continuous

1.80 m. It can be divided into 9 layers. Succulent halo-

sediment rate and intact section. Chinese Quaternary

phyte appeared on the saline soil around lake and is

geologists have made lots of profile/section research of

mainly composed of Halocnemum, Salicornia europaea,

lakes in different areas, about sediment, paleontology

Halostachys etc. Tamarix hispida is also widely dis-

and geochemistry, providing climate information of

palaeolake water changes[1]. Yu et al.[1] compared the tributed.

All samples of the three lakes were collected and

evolution and difference of lake level changes between

analyzed with common method. 14C dating was ana-

the east and the west of China according to the database

lyzed using Quantulus-1220(LKB) by the 14C Labora-

of palaeolakes. Xinjiang is located in the central Eura-

60 Chinese Science Bulletin Vol. 51 Supp. I June 2006

ARTICLES

tory of Institute of Geology, China Seismological Bu- collected from the swamp sediments of the Manying

reau and was calibrated by tree rings. 20 pollen samples Lake mainly includes Chenopodiaceae (19.1%), Typha

were collected from bottom to top in the profile of the (24.1%), Gramineae (15.8%), Artemisia (8.4%) and

Sichang Lake and 2 14C samples were measured in the Cyperaceae (mainly Carex, 15.3%), the other compo-

3rd and the 5th layers, 1 pollen sample for 14C dating nents were less than 5%, which indicates the abundant

hydrophytes. The 14C dating of this sediment was 1130

was collected from the swamp sediment in the Manying

Lake which is over 30 km east of Sichang lake. From 60 a B.P. and it was 1160 65 a B.P. after the tree

the samples 35 families and genera were identified. The rings revision.

Dongdaohaizi profile was divided into 12 layers from

2.2 The Dongdaohaizi Lake (Fig. 2)

bottom to top. 8 14C samples and 64 pollen samples

were collected and determined for the pollen concen- (i) Pollen analysis. 1) Zone (190 132 cm, 4500

tration. Total of 36 families and genera were identified. 3530 a B.P.): Chenopodiacea occupied the dominant

Proxy environmental indices, such as Grain size (de- position (36.8% 75%); Artemisia (9.1% 32.9%),

termined by Maserizer2000 laser particle distribution

Tamarix (5.0% 36.4%) and Ephedra (0% 20.0%)

analyzer), susceptibility (determined by MS2 suscepti-

were also noticeable. In addition, there appeared a

bility analyzer) and loss on ignition were also measured

small quantity of Reaumuria, Composite, Gramineae

in the Dongdaohaizi profile. The Aibi Lake section

and Picea (1.4%), with Artemisia/Chenopodiceae (A/C)

was divided into 9 epidermises from bottom to top. 11

ratio of 0.32. 2) Zone (132 87 cm, 3530 3120 a

pollen samples were collected and basically satisfied

B.P.): Chenopodiaceae declined compared to Zone .

the statistical request except the 10th and the 11th sam-

Tamarix and Ephedra also reduced; Reaumuria, Ni-

ples. Total of 22 families and 31genera were found in

traria and Zygophyllum were lower than 5%. Compos-

this section.

ite, Typha and Cyperaceae obviously increased. A little

of Picea and Betula appeared (average 6%) and A/C

2 Lake sediment records

ratio was 0.26. 3) Zone (87 0 cm, 3120 a B.P.

2.1 Pollen analysis of the Sichang Lake (Fig. 1)

present): Chenopodiaceae declined to 34.3%, Artemisia

was 14.0%, Tamarix was 8.5%, Ephedra was 10.8%

Zone (84 82 cm) Frequencies of Chenopo-

and Reaumuria was 3.4%. On the other hand, contents

diacea in this assemblage was the highest. Tamarix and

of Mesophyte and Hydrophyte (Graminean, Cyper-

Artemisia were noticeable. Other component occurred

aceae and Typha) and pollen concentration increased

in relatively low abundance and Picea was less than

obviously. In -1 assemblage (3120 2410 aB.P.),

4%.

A/C ratio was 1, contents of Gramineae and Typha at-

Zone (82 30 cm) Over 20 families and gen-

tained 7.0% and 7.5%, respectively, and abundant dia-

era were found in this assemblage. Typha, Cyperaceae,

tom were found. In -2 assemblage (2410 1700

Gramineae and Liliaceae attained mean percentage of

aB.P.), A/C ratio declined to 0.4, frequencies are re-

20%; Ephedra occurred at a frequency of 15%; Ar-

spectively Chenopodiceae 33.3%, Artemisia 9.4%,

temisia and Compositae declined to 11%; Tamarix,

Tamarix 7.8%, Ephedra 11.5%, Reaumuria 4.4%, Ni-

Reaumuriam, Nitraria and Halimodendron were less

traria 1.7%, Zygophyllum 1.1%, Composiate1.9%,

than 10%, Picea and Betula maintained less than 5%,

Gramineae 9.1%, Typha 5.9%. -3 (1700 1310

Chenopodiacea reduced to the lowest in entire section

a B.P.) and -5 assemblages (1270 305 a B.P.) share

(30% 40%).

something in common with -1 assemblage: their A/C

Zone (30 0 cm) This assemblage was

ratios was respectively 0.7 and 0.8, and there appeared

dominated by xerophytes and super xerophytes such as

abundant diatoms in the three assemblages. -4

Chenopodiacea (55%) and Ephedra (13.9%). Artemisia

(1310 1270 a B.P.) and -6 assemblages (305

and Compositae showed a light recovery (11.25%);

Tamarix, Reaumuriam, Nitraria and HalimodendronI aB.P. present) were similar to -2 assemblage: A/C

maintained less than 10%, Typha, Cyperaceae, ratios are respectively 0.4 and 0.5, and diatoms are rare

Gramineae and Liliaceae declined markedly (less than in the three assemblages.

5%), Picea and Betula were less than 3%. (ii) Magnetic susceptibility, loss on ignition and

On the other hand, the pollen assemblage of samples grain size. According to the characteristic curve of

www.scichina.com www.springerlink.com 61

Median size I was relatively high in Zone (80.6 m

the magnetic susceptibility, it was of a high value in

Zone and Zone . Susceptibility displayed remark- on average) and Zone (83.9 m on average), but de-

able fluctuation in Zone : relatively low corre- clined obviously in Zone (45.9 m on average).

sponding to -1, -3 and -5 assemblages, and

2.3 Aibi Lake (Fig. 3)

relatively high corresponding to -2, -4 and -6.

The LOI changed obviously in this section: corre- (i) Pollen analysis. 164 180 cm (2500 2250 a

sponding to Zone and Zone, it was about 5% ex- B.P.): Pollen content of the sediments was generally

cept the 11th layer where it was about 10%; corre- low and it had lots of charcoal fragments in the 11th

sponding to Zone, it rose rapidly and attained 34%. sample; 164 160 cm (2250 1650 a B.P.): Pollen

Fig. 1. The diagram of pollen and A/C of the Sichang Lake section.

62 Chinese Science Bulletin Vol. 51 Supp. I June 2006

ARTICLES

Fig. 2. The diagram of pollen, susceptibility, LOI and grain size of the Dongdaohaizi section.

content was low, with a peak abundance of halophyte (1650 500 aB.P.): the mean of shrub and semi-shrub

(85%), Haloxylon, Tamarix and Calligonum accounted attained 72.9%, with abundant Chenopodiaceae (28%)

to 31.8%, 21.2% and 13.6%, respectively. 160 28 cm including Haloxylon (9.0%), Halocnemum(17.3 ) and

www.scichina.com www.springerlink.com 63

Fig. 3. The diagram of sedimentary facies, pollen and A/C ratio of Aibi Lake.

Tamarix (26%). The mean of herb was 22.2%, mainly more plant species, with the highest ratio of A/C of the

including Artemisia (17.1%), Gramineae, Compositae, whole section. 28 7 cm (500 300 a B.P.): the mean

Umbeliferae, Cruciferae and Typha, with Picea (4.3%). of shrub maintained 72.7%, including Halocnemum

(37.9%), Tamarix (6.6%), Calligonum (8.3%), Ephedra

This assemblage reflected a humid environment and

64 Chinese Science Bulletin Vol. 51 Supp. I June 2006

ARTICLES

Vallley of Gongga Moutain[25,26]. Meantime, the

(6.6%) and Haloxylon (43%). The herb pollen include

Artemisia (14.7%), a little Gramineae, Compositae, Daxigou section also shows a cold climate. All these

Aster and Plantago, indicating that the vegetation indicate a relatively cold-wet climate at that time in this

changed to desert again. 7 0 cm (300 a B.P. present): region. During 2410 1700 a B.P., the plants indicative

Shrub reached 88.5%; Tamarix (37.4%), Haloxylon of aridity, such as Tamarix, Ephedra and Reaumuria,

(21.5%), Reaumuria (14%) and Calligonum (6.5%) increased and the hydrophyte such as Typha decreased,

were noticeable. the vegetation around Dongdaohaizi recovered to desert

(ii) Sedimentary facies. Horizontal beddings have and the lake level fell again, accompanied by the in-

been found in the Aibi Lake section. According to crease of susceptibility, median grain size and LOI. The

sediments and sedimentary rhythms, the 1st layer is of sedimentary facie of the Aibi Lake was mesolimnion

sediment and the lake area was less than 600 km2. The

etang sediment; the 2nd layer is of limnetic sediment;

low pollen content and the large proportion of the

the 3rd is of limnic sediment with plentiful organic

drought-enduring plants and halophyte such as

substance; the 4th is of limnetic sediment and obvi-

Haloxylon and Tamarix reflect that the vegetation

ously thin horizontal bedding; the 5th is of etang sedi-

ment; the 6th is of the edge of debris cone sediment; the around the Aibi Lake was desert dominated by shrub.

Daxigou profile shows the transition of climate from

7th 9th layers are of lake sediments.

cold to warm. Zhu[27] thought that the climate of China

The sediments of the section are almost gyttja, but

was relatively warm and annual mean temperature was

rare hydrophyte and Typha pollen can be found. This

1 2 higher than present during the Warring States

section is different from the Bosten Lake in salinity.

The high salinity of the Aibi Lake resulted in the lack period. All these indicate that the climate became

of pollen. Appearance of abundant Tamarix also shows warm-dry again. During 1700 1310 aB.P., the vegeta-

a high salinity of the Aibi lake, and a little Typha ap- tion around the Dongdaohaizi Lake was desert steppe.

peared only when lake level was high. Abundant diatoms found in the lake show that the lake

level rose up again corresponded to the decline of Sus-

3 Discussion and conclusions ceptibility, median grain size and LOI. The Aibi Lake

sedimentary facie reflected the highest lake level period

The sediment records of the three lakes can reflect

(1700 600 a B.P., the lake level was 210 226 m,

the lake level fluctuation and environmental evolution

15 31 m higher than present[10]) in accordance with

in northern Xinjiang in the late Holocene. During

4500 3500 a B.P., it was desert vegetation dominated the great pollen content including shrub and sem-

by xerophytes such as Haloxylon, Ceratoides, Anabasis, ishrub. The mesophyte and hydrophyte such as

Nanophyton around Dongdaohaizi Lake. The swamp Gramineae, Compositae, Typha were abundant, reflect-

sediments were developed and the lake level was low ing a desert steppe dominated by shrub. At the same

time Huashuwozi section[28] indicated that the spruce

corresponding with slightly high susceptibility and me-

dian grain size and low LOI. All these reflect a forest shifted downward about 250m. All these show

that the climate was relatively cold-wet. The climate of

warm-dry climate during that time. During 3500 3120

south Xinjiang was also relatively cool-wet during that

a B.P., it maintained desert vegetation dominated by

period[29]. During 1310 1270 a B.P., the vegetation of

super xerophytes shrub and herb, such as Tamarix,

Ephedra, Artemisia and Reaumuria, and the lake level the Dongdaohaizi Lake became desert again, diatoms

fell again. Susceptibility, median grain size and LOI decreased and lake level fell accompanied by high sus-

changed a little as the spruce forest of Daxigou profile ceptibility, median grain size and LOI. The Sichang

shifted upward[24]. All these also reflect a relatively Lake section comprises windy deposit and suggests a

desert vegetation dominated by Chenopodiaceae with

warm dry climate. During 3120 2410 a B.P., it is

low vegetation coverage. All these show a relatively

dominated by desert steppe around the Dongdaohaizi

warm-dry climate during the phase. During 1270

Lake; a lot of diatoms have been found in the lake,

which reflects the steady lake level, better water quality 305a B.P., the vegetation of the Dongdaohaizi Lake

and relatively high lake level in accordance with low recovered to desert steppe in accordance with 0.8 ratio

susceptibility, median grain size and LOI and the events of A/C and the reduced susceptibility, median grain size

of glacier marching of Urumqi River head and Hailuo and LOI. The Aibi Lake indicates a desert steppe and

www.scichina.com www.springerlink.com 65

from the Atlantic and the Arctic Oceanas. Fang et al.[35]

high lake level corresponding to the swamp vegetation

dominated by hydrophyte and helophyte such as Typha, considered that there existed a basic law that the

Carex, Phragmites australis, the risen lake level and stronger westerly winds circulation, the more precipita-

the high vegetation coverage in the Sichang Lake. tion during the long-term change and the evolvement of

ice age-interstadial gyration. Zhang[36] pointed out that

Meantime, The Daxigou section reflects a humid cli-

the westerly winds airflow circulation strengthen and

mate. During 300 a B.P. present, the Dongdaohaizi

move southward during the new ice age All these show

Lake reflected a desert vegetation similar to the present

that the special combination of warm-dry and

one corresponding to the declined lake level and the

cold-humid in the plain in northern Xinjiang during the

highest LOI value. Halocnemum, Tamarix, Ephedra

late Holocene may be related to the air circulation pat-

and Calligonum appeared abundantly, reflecting a de-

tern of westerly moving southward in the new ice age.

sert vegetation in the Aibi Lake. The Sichang Lake

shows the transition from lowland meadow to desert

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Dr

vegetation dominated by Chenopodiaceae and the low

Zhu Yan of Lanzhou University for her assistance with sam-

vegetation coverage. All the lakes in northern Xinjiang

pling and Yin Jinhui of Geology Institute of China Seismol-

plain were strongly impacted by human activity during

ogical Bureau for 14C dating. Thanks also specially go to Mu

that time, but it still could represent the continuing

Guijin for his valuable comments on the manuscript. This

drought trend in this region.

work was supported by the National Natural Science Founda-

The environmental change recorded by each lake tion of China (Grant No. 90102009), the Foundation of Chi-

sediments is not in-phase because the difference in nese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX1-10-05) and Devel-

sampling point density, the error in year measurement opment Plan of the China Ministry of Science and Technol-

or the impact of microclimate of some area. But it still ogy (No. G1999043502).

could reveal following laws: the lake level was high

and climate was cold-wet when the vegetation was References

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