Ronald Hegge

***** **** ******** *****, ***** Creek Arizona 85142-7771

Cell: 602-***-****, E-Mail: ac9t4r@r.postjobfree.com

Sr. Group Manager, Manager of Engineering, Project Director, Sr. Project Manager, Project Engineer, Business Development Manager, Chief Engineer, Sr. Mechanical Engineer

Professional summary

Over 40 years of experience in providing engineering and construction management services in the heavy industrial (mining, power generation, and petroleum), commercial and municipality industries. Those experiences reflect a broad range of work assignments which allowed me to enhance and exercise my technical, administrative, financial, and organizational skills. Diligent application of those skills, and a strong will, allowed me to lead multi-discipline teams of engineering and construction professionals to successfully complete the detailed design and construction of several heavy industrial projects. With a thorough understanding of the scope-of-work, budget estimate, schedule, contract and drawing and specification development, and applying a strict change management policy, projects were successfully completed on budget and on schedule.

I was instrumental in building, and leading, teams of engineering, design, and construction professionals’ by first executing my business development program that built client and vendor relationships that successfully led to opportunities to bid and win new project work. Concurrently, I have built, and led, teams of multi-discipline project professionals to execute conceptual, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies; as well completing the basic, detailed design, procurement and construction management of numerous projects.

Education

BSME, University of California Santa Barbara, USA, 1982

BSEE Course Work, West Coast University, University of Colorado - Denver, USA (Completed 12 months)

Project Management Training Program, Stantec Mining’s registered training course.

Languages

English

Summary of core skills

As Engineering Manager, I successfully built and managed multi-discipline groups of engineers, designers, administrators, and financial professionals to execute a broad range of projects

As Project Manager, I have safely completed E, EP, EPCM and EPC type projects, on budget and on schedule.

Construction Management experience on a large array of different projects

Over 20 years’ experience in business development building long lasting client, and vendor relationships which led to opportunities to estimate, scope and bid new projects. Ultimately, this led to the building of five (5) different engineering offices

Successful experience in coordinating design and construction activities with multiple utilities (water, power, gas, and sanitary sewer) in the Western United States

Have built and maintained relationships with most of the major equipment suppliers, vendors, and local fabricators

Instrumental in executing and coordinating design and construction activities, with multiple mining and power companies, in the United States, Canada, Qatar, Philippines, and South America (Peru and Brazil)

Working proficiency with several of the computer-aided-engineering and design tools (AutoCad (2D & 3D), Caesar, Primavera, Project, etc.), Microsoft Suite of Programs (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc.), as well industry standards and codes (ASME, ASHRAE, API, ASTM, ANSI, etc.)

Having worked to become a Sr. Mechanical Engineer, I have gained a tremendous amount of experience through many of my project assignments (pumps & piping, HVAC, storage tanks and pressure vessels, and misc. rotating equipment, conveyor belts, feeders, crushers, and screens etc.)

Having worked on several multi-discipline projects, I have gained a tremendous amount of experience on the design and installation of concrete and its associated reinforcement, structural steel, site civil and earthworks, process engineering, electrical, instrumentation, and controls

Employment history

Independent Consultant currently building a Arizona Mining Engineering Group for Civil & Environmental Consultants (CEC) in the Arizona Mining Industry. Have been providing Project Management, Senior Project Engineer, Business Development, Sr. Mechanical Engineer services from October 2017 to Present

Independent Consultant that successfully introduced Burns & McDonnell to the Arizona Mining Industry. Have been providing Project Management, Senior Project Engineer, Business Development, Sr. Mechanical Engineer services from October 2017 to June 2018

Successfully completed the detailed engineering, design, procurement, and installation of numerous pressure vessels, heat exchanger’s, storage tanks, high pressure and temperature piping systems, office and maintenance/warehouse buildings for a new Sulphur Recovery Units and Processing Plant, Tessenderlo Kerley Services, April 2015 to February, 2017

Project Manager, Assistant Project Manager, Lead Mechanical Engineer, Stantec Consulting Ltd., February 2011 to March 2015.

Project Director, Sr. Group Manager and PM, PBS&J Renewable Energy & Mining Division, July 2008 – February 2010 and August 2010 to February 2011.

Chief Engineer, Vulcan Power Company, February 2010 to August 2010

Manager of Engineering, Business Development Manager & Project Manager, AMEC, August 2004 – July 2008

Mechanical / Piping Department Manager & Project Manager, AMEC, October 2002-August 2004.

Senior Staff Engineer – Mechanical/Project Manager, AMEC, June 2001-October 2002.

Project Engineer & Sr. Mechanical Engineer (Contract), Newmont Mining Corporation, October 2000 to June 2001.

Project Engineer, Mechanical Engineer and Electrical Engineer (Contract), Newmont Mining Corporation, March 2000 to October 2000.

Project Engineer, MEP Coordinator and QA/QC Manager (Contract), Hensel Phelps Construction Company, February 1999 to March 2000.

Chief Mechanical Engineer, The Winters Company, February 1998 to January 1999.

Sr. Project Engineer and Sr. Mechanical Engineer, Simons Mining Group, January 1997 to February 1998.

Sr. Mechanical Engineer, Kilborn International, July 1996 to January 1997.

Project Manager and Project Engineer (Contract), Kennecott Utah Copper, March 1992 to June 1996.

Project Engineer and Mechanical Engineer, Ford, Bacon and Davis/Anvil Corporation, November 1989 to January 1992.

Project Engineer, Systems Engineer and Mechanical Engineer, Hughes Aircraft Company, June 1979 to November 1989.

Details by project

Resolution Copper Mine, Superior, AZ, 2018 to Present: Sr. Mechanical Engineer responsible for successfully completed the analysis and design of numerous potable, plant and fire water piping, power, communication, and security projects that required analysis and design, procurement, and construction/installation of the underground mines utility systems.

TKI/Jupiter Sulphur, SRU III Detailed Design Project, Billings, Montana, 2015 to present. Project Engineer responsible for successfully completing the mechanical design and specification of all pieces of mechanical equipment (HVAC, pumps, piping, tanks, pressure vessels, heat exchangers, boilers etc.) required for this project. Additionally, supported procurement with selecting all the bidders and with the generation of RFQ’s and PO’s.

BHP Billiton Canada Inc., Jansen Project Trade Off Study, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2014. Project Engineer responsible for selecting and evaluating various alternatives, to the customary vertical storage of mined potash, in a horizontal method. The study looked at various methods for receiving, stockpiling, and retrieving the mined potash.

PT Freeport, GBC Block Cave Detailed Design, Indonesia, 2013 to 2014. Lead Mechanical Engineer responsible for the detailed engineering and design of a waste water treatment facility that will support the underground operations for all fixed facilities.

PT Freeport, DMLZ Block Cave Detailed Design, Indonesia, 2013 to 2015. Lead Mechanical Engineer responsible for the detailed engineering and design on all of the underground facilities for both the Lower Fixed Facilities (LFF) and Upper Fixed Facilities (UFF). This involved numerous pieces, and types, of mechanical and HVAC equipment, as well numerous operational and maintenance facilities.

BHP Billiton – Pinto Valley, Miami, AZ, 2012-2013. Project Manager, responsible for the safe execution of the $194M, EPCM Restart Project for BHP’s Pinto Valley Mine. As the Project Manager, I was responsible for the project staffing and the creation of all of the project policies and procedures, as well as the project budget, WBS, and schedule. Ensured that the execution of the detailed engineering, contracting, and procurement was executed within budget and on schedule. Ensured that all of the project staff and Contractor’s complied with the client’s safety training, policies and procedures. Worked with the Construction Management staff to assign, track, and monitor the quality and progress of the 700+ contractors that were on site to execute the required site modifications. Worked with the client to develop and execute the project specific commissioning and startup programs for the various locations of the site.

BHP Billiton – Pinto Valley, Miami, AZ, 2011-2012. Project Manager responsible for establishing the cost and schedule associated with the creation of a Selection/Definition study that looked at restarting operations at BHP’s Pinto Valley Mine.

Oyu Tolgoi, Hugo Drmmett Mine, Shaft No. 2 Detail Design Project, Mongolia, 2011. Assistant Project Manager, responsible for the projects change management and the weekly and monthly financial and status reporting.

PT Freeport, DMLZ Block Cave Basic Design, Indonesia, 2011. Lead Mechanical Engineer responsible for the basic engineering on all of the underground feasibilities that included HVAC, piping, pumps, material handling, crushers, and screens at the end of the rail car area.

Bullhead City 18-1 & 18-2 Lift Station, Arizona. Technical expert responsible for the review and approval on all HVAC, mechanical and piping drawings and specifications developed for the sanitary sewer collection project.

Lusail Development Company, Doha, Qatar, 2009. MEP Technical Specialist responsible

for the technical evaluation of the engineering submittals for the area dewatering, pumping

and emergency drainage systems, as well as numerous HVAC systems for the various below and above ground facilities.

Vulcan Power, Bend, Oregon, 2009-2010. Project Manager responsible for coordinating

PBS&J’s various disciplines to support Vulcan Power as Owner’s Engineer.

Responsibilities included the development of two studies that evaluated Production Well

Pumping and Power Augmentation, Development of an Excel based process flow model,

and creation of EPC bid packages.

Magma Energy US Corp., Fallon, Nevada, 2008-2011. Project Manager responsible for the development of a binary process flow model and subsequent detailed design of plant enhancements that brought the total generating capacity from 8MW to 32 MW. Assisted Magma with their IPO by conducting a Independent Technical Review of the project and site. Assisted Magma with their 1603 Grant Application by producing a technical design and commissioning report for the project.

Vulcan Power, Bend, Oregon, 2009. Project Manager responsible for the development of several packages that were submitted to the BLM for Vulcan’s development permits.

Nevada Power, Las Vegas, Nevada, 2008. Project Manager responsible for the development of a cost estimate and comparison of different binary equipment suppliers for a 30MWnet power generating facility.

ORMAT, North Brawley Geothermal Brine Pipeline Design Project, Brawley, CA. Project Manager responsible for the pipe stress analysis and detailed design of a 2,500 ft. long production pipeline.

Mercator Concentrator Project, Mercator Minerals Ltd., Mineral Park, Arizona 2008. Business development manager responsible for securing sole-source opportunity for an exploration permit project for a 50,000-t/d copper/molybdenum concentrator.

Pinto Valley Operations, BHP Billiton, State Wide Arizona, 2007-2008. Engineering manager responsible for the assessment, scoping, budgeting, and detailed design of components within the primary crusher, secondary and tertiary crusher, fine crushing and flotation, SXEW, concentrate storage and shipping for re-starting 60,000 tpd copper concentrator.

Resolution Copper Mine Improvements, Resolution Copper Mining, Superior, Arizona. Project manager responsible for the design, procurement, and construction of several miscellaneous underground development mining projects and studies.

Resolution Copper Mine, Superior, AZ, 2006: Project Manager responsible for the design, procurement, and construction of the underground mines dewatering systems.

Phelps Dodge Copper Mine, Ajo, AZ, 2006: Project Manager responsible for the Feasibility Study that determined the value of all utilities in the City of Ajo, plus the cost of bring the utilities to meet current code requirements.

Phelps Dodge Copper Mine, Tohono, AZ, 2006: Project Manager responsible for the Prefeasibility Study that determined the costs associated with re-starting operations at Phelps Dodge’s, Tohono Mine Operations.

Phelps Dodge Copper Mine, Ajo, AZ, 2006: Project Manager responsible for the re-design of the areas power substation for Phelps Dodge’s, Ajo Improvement Corporation. Design included the specification and procurement of new switchgear and transformers, plus all supporting engineering for the installation and transfer of power to the new substation. Supplied construction management support during the installation.

Phelps Dodge Copper Mine, Ajo, AZ, 2006: Project Manager responsible for the re-design of the areas potable water distribution system for Phelps Dodge’s, Ajo Improvement Corporation. Design included the re-routing of the new distribution system, specification of the new piping and plumbing, and construction management support during the installation.

Phelps Dodge Copper Mine, Bagdad, AZ, 2005: Project Manager responsible for the design of a new pit dewatering system for Phelps Dodge’s, Bagdad operations. Design included the specification of the new pipeline, as well as the design of the multiple pumps stations that were required to deliver the PLS out of the pit.

Phelps Dodge Sierrita, Light Vehical Truck Wash Project, Sierrita, AZ, 2005: Project Manager responsible for the design of a new vehicle truckwash facility that could handle everything from a haul truck to a standard pickup truck. Design involved the use of all disciplines as well as environmental and geotechnical resources.

Phelps Dodge Ajo, Power Relocation Project, Ajo, AZ, 2005: Project Manager responsible for the design of a new substation and the re-routing of the transmission lines for the Ajo Improvement Company.

ORMAT, Basalt Canyon Geothermal Brine Pipeline Design Project, Mammoth Lakes, CA, 2005: Project Manager and Lead Mechanical Engineer responsible for the design of a new 15,000 ft. long, above ground, geothermal brine pipeline. Project include the design of the pipeline, as well as all of the pipe supports, highway crossing, pump houses and HVAC and power transmission to the wellheads.

Doe Run Company, Lead Concentrate and Material Handling Prefeasibility Study, Herculaneum, MO, 2005: Lead engineer responsible for the study of the lead concentrate transportation and handling methods currently in place at Doe Runs Southeast Missouri Operations (SEMO). Developed recommendations within their material handling and HVAC systems on how Doe Run might improve their operations, along with budget estimates for each of the recommendations.

Phelps Dodge Ajo, Potable Water Distribution Project, Ajo, AZ, 2005: Project Manager responsible for the design of a new potable water distribution system that re-routed the water distribution headers and routed new lines to 3,000+ residences for the Ajo Improvement Company.

Calpine, Mercury Removal Project, Napa Valley, CA, 2004: Lead mechanical engineer responsible for the design of a new mercury removal system that extracted mercury vapour from the non-condensable gas stream that discharged from the generating turbines.

BHP Pinto Valley, Test Heap Leach, Miami, AZ, 2004: Lead mechanical engineer responsible for the study, and recommendation, of supplying raffinate, and removing PLS, from the Test Heap Leach, which was located at the bottom of the pit. Responsible for the engineering and design of the aeration system that was installed at the bottom of the heap. Also engineered and designed the raffinate distribution system at the top of the heap, and the PLS removal systems for removing PLS from the bottom of the heap, and pumping PLS from the bottom of the pit.

Kennecott Utah Copper, Phase II Drainage Design, Salt Lake City, UT, 2003 - 2004: Lead Engineer responsible for the impoundment finger drain detailed design. Responsibilities included coordinating the multi-disciplinary design effort, meetings with KUCC, design for the area dewatering, and the generation of a +/- 10% construction estimate and construction schedule.

Phelps Dodge Copper Mine, Bagdad, AZ, 2003 - 2004: Lead engineer responsible for several small projects intended to improve the operability of the mining operations. Conducted a study for the crushing, screening, and stockpiling of Stemming materials for their blasting operations. Engineered the pumping and conveying of slurried copper concentrate at the copper concentrator as well as the ventilation systems within the concentrator. Project Manager responsible for the design of two additional platforms required at the PLV.

Carlin Roaster Operations, Newmont, NV, USA, 2003: Manager of a prefeasibility study of a waste heat recovery system at an operating gold roaster.

San Rafael, Minsur, Peru, 2003: Senior consultant responsible for the study and design of improvements, and modifications, to the existing dewatering systems at the San Rafael underground tin mine located in Peru. Activities included the coordination of the various hydrological studies and the generation of PFD’s. Also travelled to Lima, Peru, to review, and approve, the completed engineering.

Senior consultant responsible for the specification, and design, of a new mine underground mine ventilation fan. Responsibilities included the specification of a new mine ventilation fan, and consult on the detailed design of the equipment installation.

CalEnergy Minerals, June 2001-March 2003

Calipatria, CA 2001-2003: Engineering Manager responsible for multi-discipline design for the zinc recovery facility including ion exchange, solvent extraction, electrowinning, and casting plant scope. Modifications were in the areas of the ion exchange pressure vessels, inlet and outlet piping and valve modifications. Upgrades to existing storage tanks, steam and condensate systems, HVAC systems and electrical and instrumentation systems were also required.

Calipatria, CA 2001-2003: Construction Superintendent / Manager responsible for coordinating the activities of the multi-discipline contractors used to complete the work that was defined during the engineering phase. This involved the fabrication and installation of the new IX columns, FRP, stainless steel and carbon steel piping, HVAC system upgrades, electrical and instrumentation upgrades, and concrete slabs and foundations.

Newmont Mining Corporation, March 2000 to June 2001

Truck Shop 2 Maintenance, Newmont Mining Corporation, Carlin, Nevada, October 2000 to Present: Senior Engineer responsible for the engineering, design and construction of the Lube Bay Relocation, new filter installation for the north and south area filter pump houses, and the north area light vehicle maintenance shop. Implemented and trained personnel on a new tire maintenance software program, and organized and analyzed used oil analysis data to optimized heavy equipment oil changes. Engineered and documented heavy equipment upgrades and modifications to improve equipment performance. Engineered and designed upgrades to the existing truck wash drainage system to improve settling of suspended solids.

Leeville Underground Mine Project, Newmont Mining Corporation, Carlin, Nevada, March 2000 to October 2000: Project Engineer responsible for the mechanical and electrical design of all surface and underground facilities. Initial mechanical focus was on the underground dewatering system, which consisted of seven lower plate dewatering wells that were on average, 2500 ft. deep, and pumped 3575 gpm each. There are also four upper plate dewatering wells that are on average, 1100 ft. deep, and pump 500 gpm each. Design also included and piping collection system that gathered all the flows from the different sources into a common overland pipeline and conveyed the water 5-1/2 miles to the discharge point for re-injection. Created a mathematical, computer model of the entire system that was used in the design phase, and will be used by operations and maintenance to predict system performance during operation. Initial electrical focus was on the design for the relocation of a 120 kV transmission line, main substation, and site 4.16 kV site power distribution. This assignment provided the opportunity to consult with several groups within Newmont on the design of these components and to create project schedules, budgets, RFPs, AFE, and to work with the environmental group on the EIS and permitting.

Hensel Phelps Construction Company, February 1999 to March 2000

National Ignition Facility Project, Lawrence Livermore Lab, Hensel Phelps Construction Company, Livermore, California, February 1999 to March 2000: Project Engineer responsible for the creation and maintenance of the CPM schedule, billings and budgets, subcontractor and material invoicing, RFI and submittal evaluations and processing, as-builts, and all office personnel on site. Along with the PE responsibilities, also performed the duties of the Mechanical-Electrical-Piping (MEP) Coordinator. That includes acting as technical consultant to the mechanical, ventilation, electrical and piping subcontractors and also the coordination of their combined activities. Also included was the responsibility of being the technical liaison with the Owner and his engineering group. Performed QC inspections and managed the QC activities of the various subcontractors, and coordinated with the Owners own inspectors on the project.

The Winters Company, February 1998 to January 1999

The Winters Group, Tucson, Arizona, February 1998 to January 1999: Chief Engineer responsible for the rotating equipment and piping group of Engineers and Designers. Established the standards and procedures for the group and maintained a high standard of quality for the drawings and design documents that were created. Developed strong relationships with new and existing clients so that we could better define and provide quality service and support for the client.

Tailings Modernization Project: Lead Mechanical Engineer responsible for several projects that were required to complete the hydraulic design and construction, of both process and slurry piping systems, associated with Kennecott Utah Copper’s Tailings Modernization Project. Projects were involved around the East and West Cyclone buildings, East and West Choke Stations, slurry piping and pumping systems, reclaim water pumping and piping, dilution water pumping and piping, splitter box design, pipe supports and restraints, and pipe stress analysis.

Cyprus Mines SX/EW Tankfarm Replacement Project: Lead Mechanical Engineer responsible for the detailed specification and design of the pumps, tankage, piping, and valves for the Cyprus Mines SX/EW Tankfarm Replacement Project. Project required the hydraulic design and drawing creation of all piping and equipment systems, and the specification of all equipment and required components, including construction. FRP storage tanks were designed and specified and mechanical general arrangement and piping drawings created under my direction.

Chemical Limes Processing Plants: Lead Mechanical Engineer responsible for surveying several of Chemical Limes processing plants in North America and Canada to determine each plants process capabilities and created equipment lists, PFDs, and general arrangement drawings of each plant. Made recommendations on each plant to increase capacity which included the sizing and specification of additional storage capacity, truck and railcar loadouts, pneumatic and belt conveying, crushing and grinding circuits, pre-heaters and kilns, hydrators, truck and railcar scales, and dust collection to meet environmental regulations.

Simons Mining Group, Jan. 1997 to Feb. 1998

Southwest Expansion Design-Build Project, Phelps Dodge, Morenci, Arizona, Jan. 1997 to Feb. 1998: Lead Mechanical/Piping Engineer responsible for the mechanical, piping, and HVAC designs for Phelps-Dodge’s Southwest Expansion Design-Build Project. Project required the specification and design of rotating equipment, pressure vessels, storage tanks, piping (including supports and restraints), valves, filters, cranes, heat exchangers, boilers, laboratory facilities, stripping machines, mixer/settlers, strainers, building HVAC and plumbing systems, and instrumentation. Also responsible for all piping and mechanical drawings which included general arrangements and spool drawings. Additionally, PFD and P&ID generation, manpower, estimating, scheduling, and procurement packages were created along with bid evaluations and vendor drawing reviews were completed under my direction. Supported the General Contractor during the construction phase to solve technical discrepancies and conducted QA/QC inspections and tests as construction progressed.

Water Cooled Hood Project, Phelps Dodge Hidalgo, Hidalgo, New Mexico: Project and Lead Mechanical Engineer responsible for the system, mechanical, and piping design for Phelps-Dodge’s Hidalgo Smelter, Water Cooled Hood Project. Coordinated all disciplines in the design plus the design and specification of all rotating equipment, ventilation systems, cooling tower, storage tank, piping and pipe fabrication (including supports and restraints), valve sizing and actuator designation, heat exchangers and filtration equipment. PFD and P&ID generation, manpower, estimating, scheduling, procurement, project reviews and construction management were additional areas of responsibility. Supported the General Contractor during the construction phase to resolve technical discrepancies and conducted QA/QC inspections and tests as construction progressed.

SX Expansion Project, Chino Mines, Chino, New Mexico: Mechanical Engineer that worked on the mechanical design of different pumping and piping arrangements that included all supports and restraints for the Chino Mines, SX Expansion Project.

Kilborn International Second most recent company name, start year-finish year

Kemises Gold Project, Royal Oaks Mines, Northwest British Columbia, Jul. 1996 to Jan. 1997: Lead Mechanical/Piping Engineer responsible for the design of the Southeast section, Kemises Gold Project for Royal Oak Mines in Northwest British Columbia. This included the office complex, laboratory, large and small vehicle maintenance building, and large vehicle lubrication and wash facility. The design included the specification of pumps, piping, compressors, boilers, heaters and tankage. HVAC and plumbing systems were designed as well as specialty items that included a truck lubrication and washing facility and a complex slab heating arrangement. Procurement packages were created and bid evaluations and vendor drawing reviews were conducted under my direction. Supported the General Contractor during the construction phase to resolve technical discrepancies and conducted QA/QC inspections and tests as construction progressed.

Neodymium Expansion Project, Molycorps: Lead Mechanical Engineer responsible for the mechanical and piping design for Molycorps, Neodymium Expansion Project. Design required the specification of piping (including supports and restraints) and included pumps, tankage, agitators, electrowinning cells, screw conveyors, bucket elevators, chutes and hoppers, 2-stage screen, scrubber, bagging and packaging equipment, and dust collection. Duties also included the creation of P&IDs, mechanical general arrangement drawings, piping plans and sections. Procurement packages were created and bid evaluations and vendor drawing reviews were conducted under my direction.

Kennecott Utah Copper, Mar. 1992 to Jun. 1996

Smelter Modernization Project, Kennecott Utah Copper, Salt Lake City, Utah, Mar. 1992 to Jun. 1996: Project Manager/Engineer responsible for the detailed design and construction of the mechanical and electrical upgrades that were required to increase the capacity of the slag concentrator for Kennecott’s Smelter Modernization Project. Scope of work included the redesign, refurbishment and replacement of several belt conveyors, design and installation of a new 2-stage screen, refurbishment of the flotation cells, primary and secondary ball mills, storage tanks, slurry and process piping and pumps. A re-design of the control and power systems, which included a new substation, replacement of the area lighting and the design and purchase of a spare ball mill motor were included. Also supervised and coordinated the construction phase which included site selection, permitting, site preparation and remediation, QA/QC and the complete construction of the facility including all equipment checkout after installation.

Process and Environmental Laboratory: Project Manager/Engineer responsible for the design and construction of Kennecott’s, new 12,000 sq. ft., Combined Process and Environmental Laboratory. Supervised all aspects of the project including architectural, structural, civil,

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