Joints- Joints are also called articulations, points where bones connect. The movement at a particular joint varies depending on the body s needs. Joints are described by the material they are made of and the type of movement they allow. Joints and muscles allow the parts of the body to move in specific ways.

.Diarthroses- are joints that move freely, such as the knee joint.

.Amphiarthroses- are cartilaginous joints that move slightly, such as the joints between vertebrae.

.Synarthroses -are joints that do not move. Examples are the fibrous joints between the skull bones.

.Symphyses- are cartilaginous joints that unite two bones firmly. An example is the pubic symphysis.

.Ball-and-socket- joints are set up like a ball sitting in a socket. For example, the hip and shoulder joints.

.A hinge -joint moves as though swinging like a hinge. For example, the elbow or knee.

*parts of a joint

Bones are connected to other bones with ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue. tendons are bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bone. Movement takes place at the joints using the muscles ligaments and tendons. Synovia are covered with synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid, a jint lubricanr and which helps the joints move easily. The hip joint is an example of a synovial joint. Some spaces between tendons and noints habe a bursa a sac lined with a synovial membrane.Bursae help the movement of hands and feet

Body Movement- Bones, joints, and muscles allow parts of the body to move in certain directions.

To determine if movement can be done correctly, medical practitioners in a variety of fields look at the range of motion of the parts of the body. Position of the body involves placement in certain positions

Flexion the bending of a limb.

Extension the straightening of a limb.

Rotation the circular movement of a part, such as the neck.

Abduction movement away from the body.

Adduction movement toward the body.

Supination a turning up, as of the hand.

Pronation a turning down, as of the hand.

Dorsiflexion a bending up, as of the ankle.

Plantar flexion a bending down, as of the ankle

Muscles- contract and extend to provide body movement. Most muscles are covered by fascia, a band of connective tissue that supports and covers the muscle. Muscles attach to a stationary bone at a point called the origin. They attach to a movable bone at a point called the insertion. During movement, the muscle contracts and extends and the moveable bone moves in a specific direction. Different muscles have different functions. For example, the deltoid muscles are used to extend the arms, the biceps of the arm flex the forearms, and the masticatory muscles close and open the jaw for chewing.

.The involuntary (smooth or visceral) muscles control movement that is not controlled by will, such as respiration, urination, and digestion. Involuntary muscles move the internal organs and systems, such as the digestive system and the blood. Cardiac muscle, which controls the contractions of the heart, is the only involuntary muscle that is also striated, or ribbed.

. Voluntary Muscles-The voluntary (striated) muscles can be contracted at will. These muscles are called skeletal muscles, as they are responsible for the movement of all skeletal bones, including facial bones, such as the mandible.

Musculoskeletal System Specialists

The musculoskeletal system is often the site of pain caused by conditions in the system itself or by symptoms of other systemic conditions. Medical specialists in the musculoskeletal system include

. Orthopedists or Orthopedic Surgeons-

Orthopedists or orthopedic surgeons are physicians who treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

. Osteopaths

Osteopaths are physicians who combine manipulative procedures with conventional treatment.

.Rheumatologists are physicians who treat disorders of the joints, specifically, and of the musculoskeletal system generally.

. Podiatrists

Podiatrists are medical specialists who treat disorders of the foot.

. Chiropractors

Chiropractors are health care professionals who manipulate the spine to treat certain ailments.

* Diagnosing Bone and Muscle Ailments*

Diagnosing bone and muscle ailments often involves taking x-rays, scans, or radiographs or performing internal examinations to determine if an abnormality is present. These procedures include:

(When a patient has to do a x-ray what the procedure and what they do)

. Arthrography- is the examination of joints using radiography.

.Arthroscopy- is the examination of a joint internally using a lighted instrument capable of direct viewing, cutting, irrigation, obtaining biopsy material, and more, through a small incision.

.Diskography- is the examination of disks by injecting a contrast medium and using radiography.

. Computed tomography (CT) -scans can reveal joint, bone, or connective tissue disease.

. Myelography- is the use of radiography of the spinal cord to identify spinal cord conditions.

.An electromyogram- is a graphic image of the electrical activity of muscles.

.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to detect disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially of soft tissue.

.A bone scan is used to detect tumors

(another test that you can use is called Diagnostic test)

Diagnostic Test

. Examiniation-Physicians examine bones and joints externally, often using small rubber mallets to provoke responses.

Example: Tinel s sign is a pins and needles sensation felt when an injured nerve site is tapped. The sign indicates a partial lesion in a nerve and is a common test for carpel tunnel syndrome.

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Lesson Quiz

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Question 1

1. The endocrine system forms the framework that supports the body.

Your answer: True

Correct answer: False

Question 2

2. Cartilage is a soft formative tissue that turns into bones.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 3

3. When bone tissue dies, it is absorbed by osteocytes, or bone phagocytes.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 4

4. Ossification, the hardening process of the bones, is dependent on aluminum.

Your answer (correct): False

Question 5

5. The type of bones that form extremities are short bones.

Your answer (correct): False

Question 6

6. Oxygen and nutrients are brought into bones from the bloodstream through compact bone tissue.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 7

7. Cartilaginous tissue that is replaced during the growth years is known as endosteum.

Your answer (correct): False

Question 8

8. Bone marrow is important in the creation of red blood cells.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 9

9. A hollow space or cavity in a bone is called a tuberosity.

Your answer: True

Correct answer: False

Question 10

10. A groove or furrow on the surface of a bone is a sulcus.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 11

11. A depression in the bone is a fossa.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 12

12. Cranial bones are bones of the foot.

Your answer (correct): False

Question 13

13. A peg-shaped protrusion from a bone is known as a styloid process.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 14

14. The sella turcica is a depression in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 15

15. The sphenoid sinus can be found below and in front of the nose.

Your answer (correct): False

Question 16

16. The lower jawbone is known as the mandible.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 17

17. A flat bone that joins with the ethmoid bone to form the nasal septum is the vomer.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 18

18. The posterior collar bone is the clavicle.

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Your answer (correct): False

Question 19

19. Below the thoracic cavity is the pelvic area.

Your answer: False

Correct answer: True

Question 20

20. The first eight pairs of ribs are the true ribs, and the next six are false ribs.

Your answer (correct): False

Question 21

21. The last two pairs of ribs, although they are considered false ribs, are known as floating ribs, because they do not attach to the sternum anteriorly.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 22

22. The bone that extends down the front and middle of the chest is the breastbone, or sternum.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 23

23. The point at which the shoulder bone, or scapula, joins with the clavicle is the acromion.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 24

24.The main bone of the thigh is the humerus.

Your answer (correct): False

Question 25

25. The main bones of the lower arm are the ulna and the radius.

Your answer (correct): True

Question 26

26. A depression in a bone is called a

Your answer: A. fossa

Correct answer: D. All of the choices are correct.

Question 27

27. Red blood cells start to develop in

Your answer: A. compact bone

Correct answer: C. bone marrow

Question 28

28. The spinal column includes the

Your answer (correct): A. lumbar vertebrae

Question 29

29. The bones of the extremities include:

Your answer (correct): D. All of the choices are correct

Question 30

30. An element important in the formation of bone is

Your answer (correct): A. phosphorus

Question 31

31. The mandible is a bone that forms the

Your answer (correct): B. jaw

Question 32

32. Muscles include

Your answer (correct): D. None of the choices are correct

Question 33

33. A type of bone operation is a(n)

Your answer (correct): C. osteoplasty

Question 34

34. Compression fractrues ususally occur in the

Your answer (correct): C. spine

Question 35

35. A type of musculoskeletal injury is a(n)

Your answer: C. spur

Correct answer: D. sprain

Question 36

36. Select the combining form that best matches the definition bent.

Your answer (correct): C. ankyl(o)

Question 37

37. Select the combining form that best matches the definition calcium

Your answer (correct): B. calci(o)

Question 38

38. Select the combining form that best matches the definition joint

Your answer (correct): B. arthr(o)

Question 39

39. Select the combining form that best matches the definition end point of the scapula

Your answer (correct): D. acromi(o)

Question 40

40. Select the combining form that best matches the definition bursa

Your answer (correct): A. burs(o)

Question 41

41. Select the combining form that best matches the definition acetabulum.

Your answer (correct): D. acetabul(o)

Question 42

42. Select the combining form that best matches the definition heel.

Your answer (correct): C. calcane(o)

Question 43

43. Select the combining form that best matches the definition arm

Your answer (correct): B. brachi(o)

Question 44

44. Select the combining form that best matches the definition head

Your answer (correct): D. cephal(o)

Question 45

45. Select the combining form that best matches the definition wrist

Your answer (correct): A. carp(o)

Question 46

46. Select the combining form that best matches the definition cartilage

Your answer (correct): C. chondr(o)

Question 47

47. Select the combining form that best matches the definition knuckle

Your answer (correct): C. condyl(o)

Question 48

48. Select the combining form that best matches the definition skull

Your answer (correct): B. crani(o)

Question 49

49. Select the combining form that best matches the definition neck

Your answer (correct): A. cervic(o)

Question 50

50. Select the combining form that best matches the definition rib

Your answer (correct): D. cost(o)

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